Classes and Characteristics of Composite Materials

There is no universally accepted definition of a composite material. For the purpose of this work, we consider a composite to be a material consisting of two or more distinct phases, bonded together.

Solid materials can be divided into four categories: polymers, metals, ceramics, and carbon, which we consider as a separate class because of its unique characteristics. We find both reinforcements and matrix  materials in all four categories. This gives us the ability to create a limitless number of new material systems with unique properties that cannot be obtained with any single monolithic material. Table 1 shows the types of material combinations now in use.

Composites are usually classified by the type of material used for the matrix. The four primary categories of composites are polymer matrix composites (PMCs), metal matrix composites (MMCs), ceramic matrix composites (CMCs), and carbon/carbon composites (CCCs). At this time, PMCs are the most widely used class of composites. However, there are important applications of the other types, which are indicative of their great potential in mechanical engineering applications.

Figure 1 shows the main types of reinforcements used in composite materials: aligned continuous fibers, discontinuous fibers, whiskers (elongated single crystals), particles, and numerous forms of fibrous  architectures produced by textile technology, such as fabrics and braids. Increasingly, designers are using hybrid composites that combine different types of reinforcements to achieve more efficiency and to reduce cost.

A common way to represent fiber-reinforced composites is to show the fiber and matrix separated by a slash. For example, carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy is typically written ‘‘carbon/ epoxy,’’ or, ‘‘C/Ep.’’ We represent particle reinforcements by enclosing them in parentheses followed by ‘‘p’’; thus, silicon carbide (SiC) particle-reinforced aluminum appears as ‘‘(SiC)p/ Al.’’

Composites are strongly heterogeneous materials; that is, the properties of a composite vary considerably from point to point in the material, depending on which material phase the point is located in. Monolithic ceramics and metallic alloys are usually considered to be homogeneous materials, to a first approximation.

Many artificial composites, especially those reinforced with fibers, are anisotropic, which means their properties vary with direction (the properties of isotropic materials are the same in every direction). This is a characteristic they share with a widely used natural fibrous composite, wood. As for wood, when structures made from artificial fibrous composites are required to carry load in more than one direction, they are used in laminated form. 

Many fiber-reinforced composites, especially PMCs, MMCs, and CCCs, do not display plastic behavior as metals do, which makes them more sensitive to stress concentrations.  However, the absence of plastic deformation does not mean that composites are brittle materials like monolithic ceramics. The heterogeneous nature of composites results in complex failure mechanisms that impart toughness. Fiber-reinforced materials have been found to produce durable, reliable structural components in countless applications. The unique characteristics of composite materials, especially anisotropy, require the use of special design methods.



Mechanical Engineers’ Handbook: Materials and Mechanical Design, Volume 1, Third Edition.
Edited by Myer Kutz
Copyright  2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

  • Read more........
  • Share on :

    4 comments:

    arusha desain said...

    Disini, kami, mencoba menawarkan kepada Anda Jasa Desain interior dan eksterior untuk berbagai macam desain, mulai dari desain Cafe dan Restoran, rumah dan bangunan, gambar-gambar desain produk, desain packaging, jasa gambar autocad 2D & 3D solidworks, jasa drafter drawing CAD 2D dan desain 3D Solidworks,Jasa pembuatan gambar kerja, Jasa pembuatan gambar detail, Revisi segala macam drawing produk, Autocad Drafter, Jasa drafter, Jasa Gambar Rumah Desain Bangunan AutoCAD 2D Solidworks 3D modeling Designer bangunan jalan listrik elektro denah paving blok gudang gambar kerja detail CAD permesinan engineering Proyek Kontraktor perancangan design product desain produk mekanik manufaktur drafting Packaging furniture konstruksi area taman parkir.

    Cukup SMS ke 081916200296, 08979198363, Email atau BBM, desain yang anda butuhkan sudah sesuai keinginan anda.

    Jasa desain murah
    www.jasa-gambar-desain.blogspot.com
    www.jasa-desain-gambar-murah.blogspot.com
    www.autocad-solidworks-unigraphics.blogspot.com
    www.jasa-interior-eksterior3d.blogspot.com
    www.jasa-eksterior-interior.blogspot.com

    Bagi anda yang ingin memperdalam ilmu desain silahkan kunjungin blog kita yang gratis, simple dan cepat.
    belajar autocad
    www.autocadline.blogspot.com
    belajar solidworks
    www.solidworksurface.blogspot.com
    belajar desain
    www.spotcolordesign.blogspot.com
    belajar illustrator
    www.illustratorgradient.blogspot.com
    belajar photoshop
    www.photoshoptonality.blogspot.com

    Belajar 2D 3D tutorial
    www.all-design-tutorial.blogspot.com

    solidworks tutorial
    www.solidworkengineering.blogspot.com
    www.solidworkforever.blogspot.com
    www.solidworkmydesign.blogspot.com
    www.solidworkbloggers.blogspot.com
    unigraphics tutorial
    www.arsala34.blogspot.com
    www.unigraphicsmydesign.blogspot.com
    www.unigraphicsforever.blogspot.com
    www.unigraphicsengineering.blogspot.com
    www.unigraphicsbloggers.blogspot.com
    autocad tutorial
    www.autocadforever.blogspot.com
    www.autocadengineering.blogspot.com
    www.autocadbloggers.blogspot.com
    illustrator tutorial
    www.illustratorforever.blogspot.com
    www.illustratorbloggers.blogspot.com
    www.graphicsdesignsimple.blogspot.com
    www.photoshopbloggers.blogspot.com
    www.imeulia1.blogspot.com
    Product design
    www.product-engineering-design.blogspot.com
    www.imeulia.blogspot.com
    www.engineeringdesignart.blogspot.com
    www.mechanicalengineeringart.blogspot.com
    www.materials-engineeringscience.blogspot.com
    www.stainless-steels-volume1.blogspot.com
    www.alumunium-alloys.blogspot.com
    www.computerengineeringdesign.blogspot.com
    www.plasticmanufacturers.blogspot.com
    www.injectionmoldingdesign.blogspot.com
    www.blowmoldingdesign.blogspot.com
    www.producthesis.blogspot.com
    www.arsyananda-desain.blogspot.com
    www.materialselection.blogspot.com
    www.engineeringdesignsimple.blogspot.com
    www.smart-materials.blogspot.com
    www.imeulia2.blogspot.com
    www.automotivematic.blogspot.com
    www.automotivemachine.blogspot.com

    Untuk yang ingin belajar lebih lengkap, step by step dan lebih detail kunjungi :

    www.autocadsimpletutorial.blogspot.com
    www.solidworksimpletutorial.blogspot.com
    www.unigraphicsimpletutorial.blogspot.com
    www.illustratorsimpletutorial.blogspot.com
    www.photoshopsimpletutorial.blogspot.com

    Desainer3D said...

    Jasa desain 3d interior Kamar tidur utama klasik elegan, desain kamar tidur dengan balkon, desain kamar tidur unik dan klasik, desain kamar tidur etnik, desain kamar tidur klasik eropa, desain kamar tidur minimalis elegan, desain kamar tidur full color, desain tempat tidur multi fungsi, desain kamar tidur gaul, desain kamar tidur hitam putih. Biaya desain 400ribu/view.
    Cukup dengan SMS ke 081916200296 dan Email ke arusha.st@gmail.com, desain yang anda butuhkan sudah sesuai keinginan anda.

    jasa desain interior kamar tidur said...

    Jasa Desain KTU Interior Kamar Tidur Utama Minimalis Modern, Simple dan Eksklusif, Desain interior kamar tidur klasik berkesan mewah dan bernilai seni tinggi, Desain Interior kamar tidur utama Modern Master Bedroom Artistik, Unik & Elegan, design master bedroom ideas, small master bedroom design, master bedroom floor plans, master bedroom furniture, master bedroom design ideas pictures, Gambar 3D Interior Lantai 3 Master Bedroom Menarik biaya Murah, Interior Design untuk kamar tidur utama mewah minimalis modern, Mezzanine Kamar Tidur, Desain Kamar Tidur Minimalis Eksklusif, Desain Kamar Tidur dengan warna dinding yang teduh, desain Interior Kamar Tidur Apartemen, Desain Kamar Tidur Utama Lantai 1, Gambar Desain Kamar Tidur Rumah Minimalis Modern 2014, kamar tidur utama mewah minimalis modern, Interior Kamar tidur, Kamar Tidur Indah Anak Perempuan Minimalis, Desain Kamar Tidur Anak Minimalis modern, desain kamar tidur anak minimalis, desain kamar tidur anak laki, desain kamar tidur anak muda, desain kamar tidur romantis,desain kamar tidur sempit, desain kamar sederhana
    Cukup dengan SMS ke 081916200296, dan Email ke arusha.st@gmail.com, desain yang anda butuhkan sudah sesuai keinginan anda.

    jasa desain 3d murah berpengalaman said...

    Blog jasa desain ini menyediakan jasa gambar 2d dan 3d design untuk ruang dapur kitchen set dan mini bar dengan segala konsep, dengan blog ini akan mempermudah dan menghemat waktu Anda dalam memesan gambar dapur kitchen set dan mini bar, karena anda tidak perlu datang ke tempat lokasi kami cukup dengan SMS/WA ke 081916200296 dan email ke arusha.st@gmail.com, desain yang anda butuhkan sudah sesuai keinginan anda. Mudah dan tidak pakai susah, setelah kirim data via email tinggal tunggu hasil desainnya. Untuk proses revisi juga terbilang mudah, tinggal coret2 gambar yang saya kirim kasih note/keterangan maunya seperti apa, kirim balik, biar dapat segera kita revisi. Kami selalu siap memberikan jasa desain online untuk pembuatan gambar desain 2d 3d dapur kitchen set dan mini bar dengan harga murah serta berpengalaman. Kami telah banyak mengerjakan berbagai project - project design baik dari perorangan maupun perusahaan. Banyak pelanggan kami yang sampai saat ini masih mempercayakan kepada kami untuk selalu dibuatkan desain 2d denah berwarna 3d ruko sesuai permintaan klien. Untuk data data yang harus dikirim adalah sketsa coretan tangan, referensi gambar/foto acuan yang disukai. Kami, akan membantu dan menyelesaikan permintaan desain anda, dengan konsep dari kita maupun menerjemahkan sketsa tangan, foto2, gambar yang anda kirimkan untuk kita tuangkan ke dalam gambar sesuai keinginan anda.

    Post a Comment