Sectioning or cross-hatching lines

When you go to a museum, you often see artefacts that have been cut up. For example, to illustrate how a petrol engine works, the cylinder block can be cut in half and the cut faces are invariably painted red. In engineering drawing, cross-hatching is the equivalent of painting something red. It is used to show the internal details of parts which otherwise would become too complex to show or dimension. The cross-hatch lines are usually equi-spaced and, for small parts, cover the whole of the 'red' cut area. They are normally positioned at 45 ~ but if this is awkward because the part itself or a surface of it is at 45 ~ , the hatching lines can be at another angle. Logical angles like 0 ~ 30 ~ 60 ~ or 90 ~ are to be preferred to peculiar ones like 18 ~ (say). If sectioned parts are adjacent to each other, it is normal to cross hatch in different orientations (+ and -45 ~ or if the same orientation is used, to use double lines or to stagger the lines. Examples of single and double + and --45 ~ cross-hatching lines are shown in the vice assembly drawing in Figure 3.1. An example of staggered cross-hatching is shown in the inverted plan drawing of the movable jaw in Figure 3.2. If large areas are to be sectioned, there is no particular need to have the cross-hatching lines covering the whole of the component but rather the outside regions and those regions which contain details. When sections are taken of long parts such as ribs, webs, spokes of wheels and the like, it is normally the convention to leave them unsectioned and therefore no cross-hatch lines are used. The reason for this is that the section is usually of a long form such that if it were hatched it would give a false impression of rigidity and strength. In the same way it is not normal to cross hatch parts like nuts and bolts and washers when they are sectioned. These are normally shown in their full view form unless, for example, a bolt has some specially machined internal features such that it is not an off-the-shelf item. Example of threads that are not cross-hatched can be seen in the vice assembly drawing in Figure 3.1.
Engineering Drawing for Manufacture
by Brian Griffiths
· ISBN: 185718033X
· Pub. Date: February 2003
· Publisher: Elsevier Science & Technology Books

Cams and gears

A cam is generally a disc or a cylinder mounted on a rotating shaft, and it gives a special motion to a follower, by direct contact. The cam profile is determined by the required follower motion and the design of the type of follower. The motions of cams can be considered to some extent as alternatives to motions obtained from linkages, but they are generally easier to design, and the resulting actions can be accurately predicted. If, for example, a follower is required to remain stationary, then this is achieved by a concentric circular arc on the cam. For a specified velocity or acceleration, the displacement of the follower can easily be calculated, but these motions are very difficult to arrange precisely with linkages. Specialist cam-manufacturers computerize design data and, for a given requirement, would provide a read-out with cam dimensions for each degree, minute, and second of camshaft rotation. When used in high-speed machinery, cams may require to be balanced, and this becomes easier to perform if the cam is basically as small as possible. A well-designed cam system will involve not only consideration of velocity and acceleration but also the effects of out-of-balance forces, and vibrations. Suitable materials must be selected to withstand wear and the effect of surface stresses. Probably the most widely used cam is the plate cam, with its contour around the circumference. The line of action of the follower is usually either vertical or parallel to the camshaft, and Fig. 24.1 shows several examples. Examples are given later of a cylindrical or drum cam, where the cam groove is machined around the circumference, and also a face cam, where the cam groove is machined on a flat surface. 
Manual of
Engineering Drawing
Second edition
Colin H Simmons
I.Eng, FIED, Mem ASME.
Engineering Standards Consultant
Member of BS. & ISO Committees dealing with
Technical Product Documentation specifications
Formerly Standards Engineer, Lucas CAV.
Dennis E Maguire
CEng. MIMechE, Mem ASME, R.Eng.Des, MIED
Design Consultant
Formerly Senior Lecturer, Mechanical and
Production Engineering Department, Southall College
of Technology
City & Guilds International Chief Examiner in
Engineering Drawing

Desain Kamar Utama Klasik Nuansa Putih Classic

Kami Arusha Desain menyediakan jasa desain interior kamar tidur utama nuansa putih klasik, desain kamar utama sederhana, desain kamar utama mewah, desain kamar utama minimalis modern, desain kamar utama sempit, desain kamar utama unik, esain kamar utama plus kamar mandi, desain kamar utama ala hotel. Kami akan selalu menyelesaikan permintaan desain anda, baik dengan konsep dari kita maupun menerjemahkan sketsa tangan, denah, foto2, gambar yang anda kirimkan untuk kita tuangkan ke dalam gambar Desain 3D sesuai keinginan anda. Revisi 2x free, Proses Mudah, Cepat dan Hasil Memuaskan. 2-3hari anda sudah dapat melihat hasilnya. kirim aja data2nya ke arusha.st@gmail.com. Data2 yg dibutuhkan meliputi denah/sketsa ukuran, foto lokasi, refrensi/contoh acuan kemudian kebutuhan ruangannya apa aja, jangan lupa konsep yang diinginkan seperti apa tuangkan dalam email secara detail biar dapat segera diproses. 
Cukup dengan SMS ke 081916200296 dan email ke arusha.st@gmail.com, desain yang anda butuhkan sudah sesuai keinginan anda.
Contoh-contoh desain yang telah dibuat bisa dilihat di:
www.design3dx.com
www.design3dmax.com
www.designer3dmax.com
www.interior3dmax.com
www.desain3d.com
www.senidesain.com
www.pabrikdesain.com
www.jasa-gambar-desain.blogspot.com
www.jasa-desain-gambar-murah.blogspot.com
www.jasa-desain-apartemen.blogspot.com

Jasa desain kamar mandi wc toilet umum di mall pusat perbelanjaan

Kami melayani jasa pembuatan desain kamar mandi wc toilet umum di mall pusat perbelanjaan, desain kamar mandi hotel dengan pemisahan ruang basah dan kering serta dinding menggunakan granit, beserta aksesories lainnya, desain kamar mandi 1view disebelah pintu kamar utama, warna granit dibuat lebih cerah, serta diatas kloset dibuatkan lemari penyimpanan, kamar mandi minimalis,area toilet basah, area toilet kering, ada sun roof diatas closet, semua keramik mozaik full dinding dan bawah hanya pakai area shower, ada sun roof diatas closet, keramik dinding wastafel closet dan lantai semua pakai keramik putih, desain kamar mandi dengan head bathub shower closet wastafel tanam cermin lemari gantung kamar mandi bathup minimalis modern dengan nuansa warna coklat krem, desain kamar mandi batu alam, desain kamar mandi alami, desain kamar mandi apartemen, desain kamar mandi toilet dengan gaya minimalis nuansa putih, bathtub sebagai pengganti showerbox existing dengan lubang angin dekoratif nya bisa lebih stylist (menggunakan yg existing), desain kamar mandi hotel, renovasi desain interior toilet wc meja wastafel wanita dan pria menjadi lebih mewah dan modern, desain toilet minimalis, sempit dan kecil, indah, Desain toilet terbaru gaya minimalis modern dan berkelas, kamar mandi minimalis ukuran kecil, kamar mandi unik, kamar mandi etnik, kamar mandi eksklusif, kamar mandi alami, kamar mandi apartemen, kamar mandi batu alam, kamar mandi bawah tangga, kamar mandi bathup, kamar mandi dalam kamar tidur, kamar mandi dengan bak kamar mandi dekat dapur, kamar mandi elegan, kamar mandi elit, kamar mandi full keramik. 
Cukup dengan SMS ke 081916200296 dan email ke arusha.st@gmail.com, desain yang anda butuhkan sudah sesuai keinginan anda.
Contoh-contoh desain yang telah dibuat bisa dilihat di:
www.design3dx.com
www.design3dmax.com
www.designer3dmax.com
www.interior3dmax.com
www.desain3d.com
www.senidesain.com
www.pabrikdesain.com
www.jasa-gambar-desain.blogspot.com
www.jasa-desain-gambar-murah.blogspot.com
www.jasa-desain-apartemen.blogspot.com
www.jasa-desain-interior-rumah.blogspot.com
www.jasa-interior-eksterior.blogspot.com
www.jasa-interior-3d.blogspot.com
www.jasadesainrumah3d.blogspot.com
www.jasadesain-rumah-murah.blogspot.com
www.interior-rumah-eksterior.blogspot.com
www.desain-rumah3d.blogspot.com
www.arsyananda-desain.blogspot.com
www.interior-rumah-eksterior.blogspot.com
www.jasa-desain-ruko.blogspot.com
www.desain-rumah-ruko.blogspot.com
www.jasadesainer3d.blogspot.com
www.jasa-desain3d.blogspot.com