Process-Intensive Products

Examples of process-intensive products include semiconductors, foods, chemicals, and

paper. For these products, the production process places strict constraints on the properties of the product, so that the product design cannot be separated, even at the concept phase, from the production process design. In many cases, process-intensive products are produced in very high volumes and are bulk, as opposed to discrete, goods.

In some situations, a new product and new process are developed simultaneously. For

example, creating a new shape of breakfast cereal or snack food will require both product and process development activities. In other cases, a specific existing process for making the product is chosen in advance, and the product design is constrained by the capabilities of this process. This might be true of a new paper product to be made in a particular paper mill or a new semiconductor device to be made in an existing wafer fabrication facility.

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References and Bibliography

Many current resources are available on the Internet via www.ulrich-eppinger.net

Stage-gate product development processes have been dominant in manufacturing firms for the past 30 years. Cooper describes the modem stage-gate process and many of its enabling practices.

Cooper, Robert G., Winning at New Products: Accelerating the Process from Idea to Launch, third edition, Perseus Books, Cambridge, MA, 2001.

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French's model of the design process

The process begins with an initial statement of a need, and the first design activity is analysis of the problem. French suggests that the analysis of the problem is a small but important part of the overall process. The output is a statement of the problem, and this can have three elements:

• a statement of the design problem proper

• limitations placed upon the solution, e.g. codes of practice, statutory  requirements, customers' standards, date of completion, etc.

• the criterion of excellence to be worked to.

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Engineering Design Methods

Strategies for Product Design

THIRD EDITION

Nigel Cross

The Open University, Mi/ton Keynes, UK

JOHN WILEY & SONS, LTD

Chichester- New York. Weinheim • Brisbane. Singapore. Toronto

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Platform Products

A platform product is built around a preexisting technological subsystem (a technology platform). Examples of such platforms include the tape transport mechanism in the Sony Walkman, the Apple Macintosh operating system, and the instant film used in Polaroid cameras. Huge investments were made in developing these platforms, and therefore every attempt is made to incorporate them into several different products. In some sense, platformproducts are very similar to  technology -push products in that the team begins the  development effort with an assumption that the product concept will embody a particular technology. The primary difference is that a technology platform has already demonstrated  its usefulness in the marketplace in meeting customer needs. The firm can in many cases assume that the technology will also be useful in related markets. Products built on technology platforms are much simpler to develop than if the technology were developed from scratch. For this reason, and because of the possible sharing of costs across several products, a firm may be able to offer a platform product in markets that could not justify the development of a unique technology.

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References and Bibliography

Many current resources are available on the Internet via www.ulrich-eppinger.net

Stage-gate product development processes have been dominant in manufacturing firms for the past 30 years. Cooper describes the modem stage-gate process and many of its enabling practices.

Cooper, Robert G., Winning at New Products: Accelerating the Process from Idea to Launch, third edition, Perseus Books, Cambridge, MA, 2001.

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The Design Process Descriptive Models

There have been many attempts to draw up maps or models of the design process. Some of these models simply describe the sequences of activities that typically occur in designing; other models attempt to prescribe a better or more appropriate pattern of activities.

Descriptive models of the design process usually identify the significance of generating a solution concept early in the process, thus reflecting the solution-focused nature of design thinking. This initial solution conjecture is then subjected to analysis, evaluation,refinement and development. Sometimes, of course, the analysis and evaluation show up fundamental flaws in the initial conjecture and it has to be abandoned, a new concept generated and the cycle started again. The process is heuristic: using previous experience, general guidelines and rules of thumb that lead in what the designer hopes to be the right direction, but with no absolute guarantee of success.

In Chapter 1 I developed a simple descriptive model of the design process, based on the essential activities that the designer performs. The end-point of the process is the communication of a design, ready for manufacture. Prior to this, the design proposal is subject to evaluation against the goals, constraints and criteria of the design brief. The proposal itself arises from the generation of a concept by the designer, usually after some initial exploration of the ill-defined problem space. Putting these four activity types in their natural sequence, we have a simple four-stage model of the design process consisting of: exploration, generation, evaluation and communication.

This simple four-stage model is shown diagrammatically in Figure 9. Assuming that the evaluation stage does not always lead directly onto the communication of a final design, but that sometimes a new and more satisfactory concept has to be chosen, an iterative feedback loop is shown from the evaluation stage to the

generation stage.

Models of the design process are often drawn in this flowdiagram form, with the development of the design proceeding from one stage to the next, but with feedback loops showing the iterative returns to earlier stages which are frequently necessary.

For example, French (1985) has developed a more detailed model of the design process, shown in Figure 10, based on the following activities: analysis of problem; conceptual design; embodiment of schemes; detailing. In the diagram, the circles represent stages reached, or outputs, and the rectangles represent activities, or work in progress.

READ MORE.......

Engineering Design Methods

Strategies for Product Design

THIRD EDITION

Nigel Cross

The Open University, Mi/ton Keynes, UK

JOHN WILEY & SONS, LTD

Chichester- New York. Weinheim • Brisbane. Singapore. Toronto

for STEP BY STEP GUIDE unigraphics simple tutorial please visit.........

www.unigraphicsimpletutorial.blogspot.com

---or---

www.unigraphic-simple-tutorial.com