High-Risk Products

The product development process addresses many types of risk. These include technical

risk (Will the product function properly?), market risk (Will customers like what the team

develops?), and budget and schedule risk (Can the team complete the project on time an

within budget?). High-risk products are those that entail unusually large uncertainties related

to the technology or market so that there is substantial technical or market risk. The generic product development process is modified to face high-risk situations by taking steps to address the largest risks in the early stages of product development. This usually requires completing some design and test activities earlier in the process. For example, when there is great uncertainty regarding customer acceptance of a new product, concept testing using renderings or user-interface prototypes may be done very early in the process in order to reduce the market uncertainty and risk. If there is high uncertainty related to technical performance of the product, it makes sense to build working models of the key features and to test these earlier in the process. Multiple solution paths may be explored in parallel to ensure that one of the solutions succeeds. Design reviews must assess levels of risk on a regular basis, with the expectation that risks are being reduced over time and not being postponed.

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References and Bibliography

Many current resources are available on the Internet via www.ulrich-eppinger.net

Stage-gate product development processes have been dominant in manufacturing firms for the past 30 years. Cooper describes the modem stage-gate process and many of its enabling practices.

Cooper, Robert G., Winning at New Products: Accelerating the Process from Idea to Launch, third edition, Perseus Books, Cambridge, MA, 2001.

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basic theory of plastic

Plastic is an organic material formed from macromolecules and processed through a chemical process or through the synthesis of other materials. The word itself comes from the plastic plastikos (Greek) which means it can be formed. Plastics can be formed, cast or merged with another with relative ease. Plastic itself commercially daiam various forms of sheets, plates, film, rolls, and tube granulat with various cross-sectional shape. Polymer word was first used in 1866. Previous polymers made from natural organic material of animals and plants. With a variety of chemical reactions in the modified cellulose acetate cellulose, is used to for the manufacture of photographic film, sheet packaging, and textile fibers. Cellulose nitrate is also converted into cellulose for plastics, explosives, rayon and varnished. The first synthetic polymers which man is phenol-formaldehyde, a type of thermoset that was developed in 1906 called bakelit rian (the commercial name, LH Backeland, 1863-1944)

The development of modern plastics technology began in 1920, when the raw materials needed to manufacture the polymer material is then extracted from the tin and petroleum. Ethylene is the first example of such nentah materials, and the forming polyethylene block. Ethylene is a product of the reaction between acetylen with hydrogen, while acetylen is the result of reaction between coke and methane. Similarly, polypropylene, Polyvinylchlonde, Polymethyl methacrylate, polycarbonate and others made the same way. These materials are known as synthetic organic polymer. Although in Polyethylene only Carbon and Hydrogen atoms are involved, other polymers can be combined with chlorine, Florin, sulfur, silicon, nitrogen and oxygen. The result is to make the other advantages of each polymer.

The reason people use plastic materials as a basic material goods / tools are:

- Easily carried or formed

- Do not conduct electricity

- Able to pull a fairly high

- Low specific gravity

- Etc.

When compared to metal, plastic has advantages and disadvantages as follows;

1. Profit

a. Mild

b. Economical in progress

c. Corrosion-resistant

d. Vibration damping

e. Low heat dissipation

f. Surface / better display. Can be recycled (except type termosett). Complex formation can be manufactured

2. Loss

a. Low strength

b. Low thermal resistance

c. Dimensions are not Stable

d. Easy to change nature.

e. Difficult repairs.

f. More suitable for mass production

g. For some types of polymers are still expensive.

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Process-Intensive Products

Examples of process-intensive products include semiconductors, foods, chemicals, and

paper. For these products, the production process places strict constraints on the properties of the product, so that the product design cannot be separated, even at the concept phase, from the production process design. In many cases, process-intensive products are produced in very high volumes and are bulk, as opposed to discrete, goods.

In some situations, a new product and new process are developed simultaneously. For

example, creating a new shape of breakfast cereal or snack food will require both product and process development activities. In other cases, a specific existing process for making the product is chosen in advance, and the product design is constrained by the capabilities of this process. This might be true of a new paper product to be made in a particular paper mill or a new semiconductor device to be made in an existing wafer fabrication facility.

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References and Bibliography

Many current resources are available on the Internet via www.ulrich-eppinger.net

Stage-gate product development processes have been dominant in manufacturing firms for the past 30 years. Cooper describes the modem stage-gate process and many of its enabling practices.

Cooper, Robert G., Winning at New Products: Accelerating the Process from Idea to Launch, third edition, Perseus Books, Cambridge, MA, 2001.

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French's model of the design process

The process begins with an initial statement of a need, and the first design activity is analysis of the problem. French suggests that the analysis of the problem is a small but important part of the overall process. The output is a statement of the problem, and this can have three elements:

• a statement of the design problem proper

• limitations placed upon the solution, e.g. codes of practice, statutory  requirements, customers' standards, date of completion, etc.

• the criterion of excellence to be worked to.

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Engineering Design Methods

Strategies for Product Design

THIRD EDITION

Nigel Cross

The Open University, Mi/ton Keynes, UK

JOHN WILEY & SONS, LTD

Chichester- New York. Weinheim • Brisbane. Singapore. Toronto

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