The raw material for plastic products

The raw material for plastic products, petroleum, natural gas and coal as a carbon source. The starting material is now part of the pyrolysis recycling plants are used: The name of the plastic is a generic term for synthetic or natural product produced by the conversion of macromolecular materials. These macromolecules consist of individual, chemically linked to each other building blocks of molecules, called monomers. With a series of monomers are called polymers. In this case, a single polymer chain is formed of thousands of monomers. Plastics can be composed of linear molecules, branched or cross-linked. Linear and branched macromolecules that no network should be moved by using heat. The molecules can slide to one another, that is material to flow and form. Therefore, the polymer material known as thermoplastic. The longer the molecular chain of plastic material, the higher is its strength properties. Thermoplastic properties ranging from soft to hard, difficult or hard and brittle. For elastomers, the macromolecule is a weak network. They are at room temperature before the chain due to their high mobility in the rubber state. Elastomers are not meltable and insoluble. Plastic with a strong spatial cross-linked chains of molecules known as thermosets. They act hard and brittle at room temperature. They are insoluble and infusible, and elastomers. There's also called a thermoplastic elastomer (TPE), the rubber-like material that can melt, however. They are made of thermoplastic materials such as thread-like molecule. In the thermoplastic elastomer, a molecule such as a thread but has segments of individual molecules, which have a strong attraction for one another that they act like a network. There is one main difference between thermoplastics and thermosets and elastomers associated with the process. Thermoplastic melts, processed, and then cooled. Thermosets and elastomers are processed cold and then heated, resulting in (heal) crosslinking of plastic. When Duromerverarbeitung should always be reworked, because the parts can not be formed without form. In the case of thermoplastics, the difference is still between the thermoplastic amorphous and semi-crystalline. This refers to how the thread-like molecules that are stored after cooling. If they are present in the network is completely random, they are called amorphous thermoplastics. The properties of amorphous thermoplastics • can form regular structures because they do not close the packaging. • If you are in a condition such as wipes or cotton balls • in the state of transparent colorless • lower shrinkage than semi-crystalline thermoplastics. translate fr: KraussMaffei Kunstsofftechnick

Types of drawings

There are a number of different types of engineering drawings, each of which meets a particular purpose. There are typically nine types of drawing in common use, these are: 1. A design layout drawing (or design scheme) which represents in broad principles feasible solutions which meet the design requirements. 2. A detail drawing (or single part drawing) shows details of a single artefact and includes all the necessary information required for its manufacture, e.g. the form, dimensions, tolerances, material, finishes and treatments. 3. A tabular drawing shows an artefact or assembly typical of a series of similar things having a common family form but variable characteristics all of which can be presented in tabular form, e.g. a family of bolts. 4. An assembly drawing shows how the individual parts or subassemblies of an artefact are combined together to make the assembly. An item list should be included or referred to. An assembly drawing should not provide any manufacturing details but merely give details of how the individual parts are to be assembled together. 5. A combined drawing is a combination of detail drawings, assembly drawings and an item list. It represents the constituent details of the artefact parts, how they are manufactured, etc., as well as an assembly drawing and an accompanying item list. 6. An arrangement drawing can be with respect to a finished product or equipment. It shows the arrangement of assemblies and parts. It will include important functional as well as performance requirements features. An installation drawing is a particular variation of an arrangement drawing which provides the necessary details to affect installation of typically chemical equipment. 7. A diagram is a drawing depicting the function of a system, typically electrical, electronic, hydraulic or pneumatic that uses symbology. 8. An item list, sometimes called a parts list, is a list of the component parts required for an assembly. An item list will either be included on an assembly drawing or a separate drawing which the assembly drawing refers to. 9. A drawing list is used when a variety of parts make up an assembly and each separate part or artefact is detailed on a separate drawing. All the drawings and item lists will be crossreference on a drawing list. Figures 1.11 and 1.12 show an assembly drawing and a detailed drawing of a small hand vice. The assembly drawing is in orthographic third-angle projection. It shows the layout of the individual parts constituting the assembly. There are actually 14 individual parts in the assembly but several of these are common, such as the four insert screws and two-off hardened inserts such that the number of identifiable separate components numbers 10. On the drawing each of the 10 parts is numbered by a balloon reference system. The accompanying item list shows the part number, the number required and its description. Separate detailed drawings would have to be provided for non-standard parts. One such detailed drawing is shown in Figure 1.12, which is the detailed drawing of the movable jaw. This is shown in third-angle orthographic projection with all the dimensions sufficient for it to be manufactured. Tolerances have been left off for convenience. Engineering Drawing for Manufacture by Brian Griffiths Publisher: Elsevier Science & Technology Books

Product Development Organizations

In addition to crafting an effective development process, successful firms must organize their product development staffs effectively. In this section, we describe several types of organizations used for product development and offer guidelines for choosing among these options. Organizations Are Formed by Establishing Links among Individuals A product development organization is the scheme by which individual designers and developers are linked together into groups. The links among individuals may be formal or informal and include, among others, these types: • Reporting relationships: Reporting relationships give rise to the classic notion of supervisor and subordinate. These are the formal links most frequently shown on an organization chart. • Financial arrangements: Individuals are linked by being part of the same financial entity, such as that defined by a particular budget category or profit-and-loss statement. • Physical layout: Links are created between individuals when they share the same office, floor, building, or site. These links are often informal, arising from spontaneous encounters while at work. Any particular individual may be linked in several different ways to other individuals. For example, an engineer may be linked by a reporting relationship to another engineer in a different building, while being linked by physical layout to a marketing person sitting in the next office. The strongest organizational links are typically those involving performance evaluation, budgets, and other resource allocations.
References and Bibliography
Many current resources are available on the Internet via www.ulrich-eppinger.net Stage-gate product development processes have been dominant in manufacturing firms for the past 30 years. Cooper describes the modem stage-gate process and many of its enabling practices. Cooper, Robert G., Winning at New Products: Accelerating the Process from Idea to Launch, third edition, Perseus Books, Cambridge, MA, 2001.
 

Plastic Manufacturing Process

The establishment of the injection process This process is the process by which plastic pellets melt with the heat and drain liquid into a closed mold. Then the material is cooled and solidified to form the product in accordance with their prints. Then the plastic that has formed is removed from cavitynya the ejection process. Detailed process sequence is as follows: a. Charging Granules of plastic material which is collected in the hopper by gravity will fall and fall into the injection cylinder. Within this cylindrical plastic granules are heated either by heating or heater because the process of a rotating screw. With terisinya nozzle by the spindle screw plastic material will be pushed backward, turning to a position that we have set in accordance with the volume of product to be in print. b. Mould Closing This step closes the plastic molds with moving plate moves toward the fixed plate. Pressure that occurs between the parts of the plastic mold is the maximum pressure plate moves to close the mold until the lock position. The process is called Clamping Force. The capacity of an injection machine is identified with a maximum pressure capability (Clamping Force). c. Forward Barrel [3] Is a step toward moving cylinder injection mold plastic to touch the mouth of the nozzle sprue with a certain pressure. This movement takes place after step and a general, hydraulic clamping. d. Cavity filling The next step is filling cavity. Ready formed plastic fluid driven by a screw (special threaded shaft) into the mold. In this stage the plastic has several phases, namely the filling, packing, and holding. e. Cooling After the mold cavities filled next step is to cool the liquid to solid plastic. This process is followed by a return they will screw into position. f. Mould open The next step is to open the mold. g. Ejection This step is the movement of drivers who are generally located in the middle of the plate to move and push the plastic mold ejector system. This is the last step of the cycle of the injection process. (Bid / multiple sources)