Specific design example

For a specific design example, we have extracted the design of the general size and shape of the standup panels for the control room. This design problem involved many designers, and several design changes occurred during the period over which we observed the project. For this reason, this example is rich enough to allow us to discuss the "ne details of design process. Fig. 1 shows the development of this design along a four-month timeline.

Standup panels are the large panels typically located along the walls of a control room on which meters and controls and alarms are placed. When the "eld study began, an initial design of the panel pro"le already existed.

For ergonomists, one of the main concerns is that controls and meters are readable and reachable. Therefore,

this "rst design was based on anthropometric data provided in the standard IEC-964. Further work with this data set re"ned the design of the panel. The analysis was then documented.

The data used from the international standard, however,  was drawn from an American population. Two

months later, speci"c anthropometric data for the customer 's population were received from the customer.

This population's dimensions were somewhat smaller than the IEC-964 data. Accommodating this new data set would have required redesigning the control panels to be shorter by about 1 in (2.54 cm). The changes were considered to be insigni"cant and were noted but not made.

Two weeks later, it was discovered that the current panels would not "t through the hallways of the building,

as designed. For shipping purposes, the panels had to be resegmented. The panels were redesigned so that they could be segmented and shipped through the hallways of the building.

Near the end of August, a design document was issued to the customer illustrating the panel designs. The customer felt that the panels `looked too smalla and, upon learning that the panels were designed to meet anthropometric criteria, established a minimum height requirement for their operators, thereby cutting o! the lower end of the anthropometric data set. The panels were then redesigned to be taller.

The "nal change observed during the "eld study occurred due to a manufacturing consideration. It was decided that the panels would be constructed from mosaic material a modular construction of small blocks covered with plastic that would give #exibility in layout as it would permit modi"cations to be made. The material, although it could be cut, came in "xed sizes, one of which was just slightly larger than the size of the board. To make the manufacture of the panels easier and cheaper, the board was extended once again (Fig. 1).

As illustrated in the example, many practical changes happen during the course of a design. Although  ergonomists may strive for the optimal ergonomic design, there are constraints that prevent the locally optimal

ergonomic design from being a globally optimal solution for the design problem.

READ MORE.......

Catherine M. Burns*,1, Kim J. Vicente

Cognitive Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada

www.elsevier.com

for STEP BY STEP GUIDE solidwork simple tutorial please visit.........

www.solidworksimpletutorial.blogspot.com

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The carriage of a lathe

The carriage of a lathe has several parts that serve to support, move and control the cutting tool. It consists of the following parts: 1.Saddle 2.Cross-slide 3.Compound slide or compound rest 4.Tool post and 5.Apron Saddle The saddle is an H-shaped casting that fits over the bed and slides along the ways. It carries the cross slide and tool post. Some means are generally provided for locking the saddle to prevent any movement when surfacing operations are carried out. The cross slide The cross-slide comprises a casting machined on the under aside for attachment to the saddle and carries locations on the upper face the tool post or compound rest. The crosspiece of the saddle is mechanized with a dovetail way, at right angles to the center axis of the lathe, which serves to guide the cross-slide itself. The compound rest The compound rest or compound slide is a mounted on the top of the cross-slide and has a circular base graduated in degrees. It is used for obtaining angular cuts and short taper as well as convenient positioning of the tool to work. By loosening two setscrews, which fit in a v- grove around the compound-rest base, the rest slide may be swiveled to any angle within circle. There is no power feed to the compound rest and it is hand operated. The compound rest handle is also equipped with a micrometer dial to assist in determining the depth of the cut. After necessary setting the compound slide is locked solid with its base. The tool post This is located on the top of the compound rest to hold the tool enable it to be adjusted to a convenient working position. Following are the common tool post: 1.Single screw tool post 2.Four bolt tool post 3.Open side tool post 4.Four way tool post The apron The apron is fastened to the saddle and hangs over the front of the bed. It contains gears, clutches, and levers for operating the carriage by hand and power feeds. The e apron also contains function clutches for automatic feeds. In addition, there is a split nut which engages, when required with the lead screw, when cutting either internal or external threads. The lay out of the apron includes an inter locking device which prevents the simultaneous engagement of the feed shaft and the lead screw. The apron handle wheel can turned to move the carriage back and forth longitudinally by hand. The complementary motion to this is obtained by the cross- feed handle, which moves the cross- slide back and forth across the saddle. The handle wheel is connected via a pinion meshing with a rack fitted to the lathe bed Usually a chasing dial or thread cutting dial is fitted either to the side or top of the apron and consists of a graduated dial. It has entirely independent drive provided by a worm wheel, which is a constant mesh with the lead screw. 

fr. NTTF ( NETTUR TECHNICAL TRAINING FOUNDATION)

ASTM - Iron and Steel Products

Section 01 - Iron and Steel Products Volume 01.01, January 2005 Steel--Piping, Tubing, Fittings A0053_A0053M-04A Specification for Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot-Dipped, Zinc-Coated, Welded and Seamless A0105_A0105M-03 Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping Applications A0106_A0106M-04B Specification for Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service A0134-96R01 Specification for Pipe, Steel, Electric-Fusion (Arc)-Welded (Sizes NPS 16 and Over) A0135-01 Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Steel Pipe A0139_A0139M-04 Specification for Electric-Fusion (Arc)-Welded Steel Pipe (NPS 4 and Over) A0178_A0178M-02 Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Carbon Steel and Carbon-Manganese Steel Boiler and Superheater Tubes A0179_A0179M-90AR01 Specification for Seamless Cold-Drawn Low-Carbon Steel Heat-Exchanger and Condenser Tubes A0181_A0181M-01 Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings, for General-Purpose Piping A0182_A0182M-04A Specification for Forged or Rolled Alloy and Stainless Steel Pipe Flanges, Forged Fittings, and Valves and Parts for High-Temperature Service A0192_A0192M-02 Specification for Seamless Carbon Steel Boiler Tubes for High-Pressure Service A0193_A0193M-04B Specification for Alloy-Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting Materials for High-Temperature Service A0194_A0194M-04A Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts for Bolts for High Pressure or High Temperature Service, or Both A0209_A0209M-03 Specification for Seamless Carbon-Molybdenum Alloy-Steel Boiler and Superheater Tubes A0210_A0210M-02 Specification for Seamless Medium-Carbon Steel Boiler and Superheater Tubes A0213_A0213M-04B Specification for Seamless Ferritic and Austenitic Alloy-Steel Boiler, Superheater, and Heat-Exchanger Tubes A0214_A0214M-96R01 Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Carbon Steel Heat-Exchanger and Condenser Tubes A0234_A0234M-04 Specification for Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel for Moderate and High Temperature Service A0249_A0249M-04A Specification for Welded Austenitic Steel Boiler, Superheater, Heat-Exchanger, and Condenser Tubes A0250_A0250M-04 Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Ferritic Alloy-Steel Boiler and Superheater Tubes A0252-98R02 Specification for Welded and Seamless Steel Pipe Piles A0254-97R02 Specification for Copper-Brazed Steel Tubing A0268_A0268M-04A Specification for Seamless and Welded Ferritic and Martensitic Stainless Steel Tubing for General Service A0269-04 Specification for Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Tubing for General Service A0270-03A Specification for Seamless and Welded Austenitic and Ferritic/Austenitic Stainless Steel Sanitary Tubing A0312_A0312M-04B Specification for Seamless, Welded, and Heavily Cold Worked Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipes A0320_A0320M-04 Specification for Alloy-Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting Materials for Low-Temperature Service A0333_A0333M-04A Specification for Seamless and Welded Steel Pipe for Low-Temperature Service A0334_A0334M-04A Specification for Seamless and Welded Carbon and Alloy-Steel Tubes for Low-Temperature Service A0335_A0335M-03 Specification for Seamless Ferritic Alloy-Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service A0350_A0350M-04A Specification for Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel Forgings, Requiring Notch Toughness Testing for Piping Components A0358_A0358M-04 Specification for Electric-Fusion-Welded Austenitic Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service and General Applications A0369_A0369M-02 Specification for Carbon and Ferritic Alloy Steel Forged and Bored Pipe for High-Temperature Service A0370-03A Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products A0376_A0376M-04 Specification for Seamless Austenitic Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Central-Station Service A0381-96R01 Specification for Metal-Arc-Welded Steel Pipe for Use With High-Pressure Transmission Systems A0403_A0403M-04 Specification for Wrought Austenitic Stainless Steel Piping Fittings A0409_A0409M-01 Specification for Welded Large Diameter Austenitic Steel Pipe for Corrosive or High-Temperature Service A0420_A0420M-04 Specification for Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel for Low-Temperature Service A0423_A0423M-95R04 Specification for Seamless and Electric-Welded Low-Alloy Steel Tubes A0426_A0426M-02 Specification for Centrifugally Cast Ferritic Alloy Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service A0437_A0437M-04 Specification for Alloy-Steel Turbine-Type Bolting Material Specially Heat Treated for High-Temperature Service A0450_A0450M-04A Specification for General Requirements for Carbon, Ferritic Alloy, and Austenitic Alloy Steel Tubes A0451_A0451M-02 Specification for Centrifugally Cast Austenitic Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service A0453_A0453M-04 Specification for High-Temperature Bolting Materials, with Expansion Coefficients Comparable to Austenitic Stainless Steels A0498-04 Specification for Seamless and Welded Carbon Steel Heat-Exchanger Tubes with Integral Fins A0500-03A Specification for Cold-Formed Welded and Seamless Carbon Steel Structural Tubing in Rounds and Shapes A0501-01 Specification for Hot-Formed Welded and Seamless Carbon Steel Structural Tubing A0511-04 Specification for Seamless Stainless Steel Mechanical Tubing A0512-96R01 Specification for Cold-Drawn Buttweld Carbon Steel Mechanical Tubing A0513-00 Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Carbon and Alloy Steel Mechanical Tubing A0519-03 Specification for Seamless Carbon and Alloy Steel Mechanical Tubing A0522_A0522M-01 Specification for Forged or Rolled 8 and 9\% Nickel Alloy Steel Flanges, Fittings, Valves, and Parts for Low-Temperature Service A0523-96R01 Specification for Plain End Seamless and Electric-Resistance-Welded Steel Pipe for High-Pressure Pipe-Type Cable Circuits A0524-96R01 Specification for Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for Atmospheric and Lower Temperatures A0530_A0530M-04A Specification for General Requirements for Specialized Carbon and Alloy Steel Pipe A0539 Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Coiled Steel Tubing for Gas and Fuel Oil Lines A0540_A0540M-04 Specification for Alloy-Steel Bolting Materials for Special Applications A0554-03 Specification for Welded Stainless Steel Mechanical Tubing A0556_A0556M-96R01 Specification for Seamless Cold-Drawn Carbon Steel Feedwater Heater Tubes A0587-96R01 Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Low-Carbon Steel Pipe for the Chemical Industry A0589-96R01 Specification for Seamless and Welded Carbon Steel Water-Well Pipe A0595-04A Specification for Steel Tubes, Low-Carbon or High-Strength Low-Alloy, Tapered for Structural Use A0608_A0608M-02 Specification for Centrifugally Cast Iron-Chromium-Nickel High-Alloy Tubing for Pressure Application at High Temperatures A0618_A0618M-04 Specification for Hot-Formed Welded and Seamless High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Tubing A0632-04 Specification for Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Tubing (Small-Diameter) for General Service A0660-96R01 Specification for Centrifugally Cast Carbon Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service A0671-04 Specification for Electric-Fusion-Welded Steel Pipe for Atmospheric and Lower Temperatures A0672-96R01 Specification for Electric-Fusion-Welded Steel Pipe for High-Pressure Service at Moderate Temperatures A0688_A0688M-04 Specification for Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Feedwater Heater Tubes A0691-98R02 Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Pipe, Electric-Fusion-Welded for High-Pressure Service at High Temperatures A0694_A0694M-03 Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Pipe Flanges, Fittings, Valves, and Parts for High-Pressure Transmission Service A0707_A0707M-02 Specification for Forged Carbon and Alloy Steel Flanges for Low-Temperature Service A0714-99R03 Specification for High-Strength Low-Alloy Welded and Seamless Steel Pipe A0727_A0727M-02 Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping Components with Inherent Notch Toughness A0733-03 Specification for Welded and Seamless Carbon Steel and Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe Nipples A0751-01 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for Chemical Analysis of Steel Products A0758_A0758M-00 Specification for Wrought-Carbon Steel Butt-Welding Piping Fittings with Improved Notch Toughness A0771_A0771M Specification for Seamless Austenitic and Martensitic Stainless Steel Tubing for Liquid Metal-Cooled Reactor Core Components A0774_A0774M-02 Specification for As-Welded Wrought Austenitic Stainless Steel Fittings for General Corrosive Service at Low and Moderate Temperatures A0778-01 Specification for Welded, Unannealed Austenitic Stainless Steel Tubular Products A0787-01 Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Metallic-Coated Carbon Steel Mechanical Tubing A0789_A0789M-04A Specification for Seamless and Welded Ferritic/Austenitic Stainless Steel Tubing for General Service A0790_A0790M-04A Specification for Seamless and Welded Ferritic/Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe A0795_A0795M-04 Specification for Black and Hot-Dipped Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Welded and Seamless Steel Pipe for Fire Protection Use A0803_A0803M-03 Specification for Welded Ferritic Stainless Steel Feedwater Heater Tubes A0813_A0813M-01 Specification for Single- or Double-Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe A0814_A0814M-03 Specification for Cold-Worked Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe A0815_A0815M-04 Specification for Wrought Ferritic, Ferritic/Austenitic, and Martensitic Stainless Steel Piping Fittings A0822_A0822M-04 Specification for Seamless Cold-Drawn Carbon Steel Tubing for Hydraulic System Service A0826_A0826M Specification for Seamless Austenitic and Martensitic Stainless Steel Duct Tubes for Liquid Metal-Cooled Reactor Core Components A0836_A0836M-02 Specification for Titanium-Stabilized Carbon Steel Forgings for Glass-Lined Piping and Pressure Vessel Service A0847-99AR03 Specification for Cold-Formed Welded and Seamless High-Strength, Low-Alloy Structural Tubing with Improved Atmospheric Corrosion Resistance A0851 Specification for High-Frequency Induction Welded, Unannealed, Austenitic Steel Condenser Tubes A0858_A0858M-00 Specification for Heat-Treated Carbon Steel Fittings for Low-Temperature and Corrosive Service A0860_A0860M-00 Specification for Wrought High-Strength Low-Alloy Steel Butt-Welding Fittings A0865-03 Specification for Threaded Couplings, Steel, Black or Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Welded or Seamless, for Use in Steel Pipe Joints A0872_A0872M-04 Specification for Centrifugally Cast Ferritic/Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe for Corrosive Environments A0908-03 Specification for Stainless Steel Needle Tubing A0928_A0928M-04 Specification for Ferritic/Austenitic (Duplex) Stainless Steel Pipe Electric Fusion Welded with Addition of Filler Metal A0941-04A Terminology Relating to Steel, Stainless Steel, Related Alloys, and Ferroalloys A0943_A0943M-01 Specification for Spray-Formed Seamless Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipes A0949_A0949M-01 Specification for Spray-Formed Seamless Ferritic/Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe A0953-02 Specification for Austenitic Chromium-Nickel-Silicon Alloy Steel Seamless and Welded Tubing A0954-02 Specification for Austenitic Chromium-Nickel-Silicon Alloy Steel Seamless and Welded Pipe A0960_A0960M-04A Specification for Common Requirements for Wrought Steel Piping Fittings A0961_A0961M-04A Specification for Common Requirements for Steel Flanges, Forged Fittings, Valves, and Parts for Piping Applications A0962_A0962M-04 Specification for Common Requirements for Steel Fasteners or Fastener Materials, or Both, Intended for Use at Any Temperature from Cryogenic to the Creep Range A0972_A0972M-00R04 Specification for Fusion Bonded Epoxy-Coated Pipe Piles A0984_A0984M-03 Specification for Steel Line Pipe, Black, Plain-End, Electric-Resistance-Welded A0988_A0988M-98R02E01 Specification for Hot Isostatically-Pressed Stainless Steel Flanges, Fittings, Valves, and Parts for High Temperature Service A0989_A0989M-98R02E01 Specification for Hot Isostatically-Pressed Alloy Steel Flanges, Fittings, Valves, and Parts for High Temperature Service A0994-03 Guide for Editorial Procedures and Form of Product Specifications for Steel, Stainless Steel, and Related Alloys A0999_A0999M-04A Specification for General Requirements for Alloy and Stainless Steel Pipe A1005_A1005M-00R04 Specification for Steel Line Pipe, Black, Plain End, Longitudinal and Helical Seam, Double Submerged-Arc Welded A1006_A1006M-00R04 Specification for Steel Line Pipe, Black, Plain End, Laser Beam Welded A1012-02 Specification for Seamless and Welded Ferritic, Austenitic and Duplex Alloy Steel Condenser and Heat Exchanger Tubes With Integral Fins A1014-03 Specification for Precipitation-Hardening Bolting Material (UNS N07718) for High Temperature Service A1015-01 Guide for Videoborescoping of Tubular Products for Sanitary Applications A1016_A1016M-04A Specification for General Requirements for Ferritic Alloy Steel, Austenitic Alloy Steel, and Stainless Steel Tubes A1020_A1020M-02 Specification for Steel Tubes, Carbon and Carbon Manganese, Fusion Welded, for Boiler, Superheater, Heat Exchanger and Condenser Applications A1024_A1024M-02 Specification for Steel Line Pipe, Black, Plain-End, Seamless E0527-83R03 Practice for Numbering Metals and Alloys (UNS.

fr. ASTM

 

Pin Point Gate Plastic Injection Molding

Used mainly for thin walled products with a frequency-lawyer-an injection of at least 3-4 times per minute, or a maximum cycle time 15-20 seconds a mold cavity with pin point gate. Material which is the injection into the cavity directly derived from the nozzle G, where the drop in temperature as well as barriers pengalirannya very small, so the size of the gate can be made small. Table 3.1 above can be used as guidance in determining the diameter of the gate d. -injection material in the cavity before reaching the runners will pass through the channel C first. The longer the runner channel, the temperature of the material tip of the flow would be decreased, so it will be difficult to pass through the narrow gate. Pouch runner dimasudkan D material to trap and hold the channel tip, so the material that will go through the gate, pretty good. Regarding the size of the gate, but is determined by the weight of products such as Table 3.1 above, is also affected by the condition and the condition of the bend cross-section and length of the runner. As a measure of onset, can be taken from table 3.1 size plus 20%. After ditrial if showing signs of too little gate as described in advance, gate be enlarged as necessary