PRODUCT DESIGN

CLASSIFICATION OF DRAWING

Machine Drawing

It is pertaining to machine parts or components. It is presented through a number of orthographic views, so that the size and shape of the component is fully understood. Part drawings and assembly drawings belong to this classification. An example of a machine drawing is given in Fig. 1.1.

Production Drawing

A production drawing, also referred to as working drawing, should furnish all the dimensions, limits and special finishing processes such as heat treatment, honing, lapping, surface finish, etc., to guide the craftsman on the shop floor in producing the component. The title should also mention the material used for the product, number of parts required for the assembled unit, etc.

Since a craftsman will ordinarily make one component at a time, it is advisable to prepare the production drawing of each component on a separate sheet. However, in some cases the drawings of related omponents may be given on the same sheet. Figure 1.2 represents an example of a production drawing.

Part drawing

Component or part drawing is a detailed drawing of a component to facilitate its manufacture. All the principles of orthographic projection and the technique of graphic representation must be followed to communicate the details in a part drawing. A part drawing with production details is rightly called as a production drawing or working drawing.

Assembly drawing

A drawing that shows the various parts of a machine in their correct working locations is an assembly drawing (Fig. 1.3). There are several types of such drawings

MACHINE DRAWING

Dr.K.L.Narayana

Dr.P.Kannaiah

K.Venkata Reddy

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NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL (P) LIMITED, PUBLISHER

Stretching INJECTION BLOW

These machines are usually used for the manufacture of PET bottles DNG material, where the process of formation of products through the 3 stages of injection, stretching and blowing but DNG certain type of screw can be used also for other materials such as Polypropilene (PP) dng a particular grade.

PET bottle-making process itself usually there are 2 ways

1.SINGLE (ONE) STAGE

-All the process of making preform until it becomes the bottle in one machine

2.DOUBLE (TWO) STAGE

-The process of making DNG preform injection machine and then a new engine in DNG stretching BLOW Blow Molding (separate)

COMPONENTS AND FUNCTIONS OF MOLD ISB

1.INJECTION cavity preform

-To make the outside of the preform shape

2.CORE ROD

-To make the inside of the preform

3.LIP cavity

-To make the mouth of the bottle preform

4.NECK RING

-For the manufacture of the preform neck

5.BLOW SHELL

-To create the desired product form

6.HEATING POT (POT CONDITIONING)

-For conditioning the preform temperature before curl

7.STRECHING ROD

-To encourage the concurrent preform blow dng in the process of formation of the desired product.

8.STRIPPER PLATE

-To drop a product that has been established

PART 9.BOTTOM

-To form the bottom part of the bottle

Epicyclic Gear Trains

When at least one of the gear axes rotates relative to the frame in addition to the gear's own rotation about its own axes, the train is called a planetary gear train or epicyclic gear train. The term ``epicyclic'' comes from the fact that points on gears with moving axes of rotation describe epicyclic paths. When a generating circle (planet gear) rolls on the outside of another circle, called a directing circle (sun gear), each point on the generating circle describes an epicycloid, as shown in Fig. 2.7.

Generally, the more planet gears there are, the greater is the torque capacity of the system. For better load balancing, new designs have two sun gears and up to 12 planetary assemblies in one casing.

In the case of simple and compound gears, it is not difficult to visualize the motion of the gears, and the determination of the speed ratio is relatively easy. In the case of epicyclic gear trains, it is often diffuclt to visualize the motion of the gears. A systematic procedure using the contour method is presented in what follows. The contour method is applied to determine the distribution of velocities for an epicyclic gear train.

Mechanical Engineer's Handbook

Edited by

Dan B. Marghitu

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Auburn University,

Auburn, Alabama

Academic Press Series in Engineering

Series Editor

J. David Irwin

Auburn University

Variations and Extension to the Injection-Molding Process

Injection Blow Molding.

A preform (this looks like a test tube with bottle cap threads) is injection molded in one cavity, removed and then placed into another where it is pressurized with gas to stretch the hot preform into a thinnerwalled

seamless bottle or container such as a milk bottle or gas tank. This is depicted in Figure 7. This is an extension of injection molding more than a variation.

Injection Compression/Coining.

With this technique the mold is only partially closed during injection. At the appropriate time and with the right amount of plastic in the mold, the clamp is then completely closed, forcing (compressing) the plastic to the shape of the mold cavity. A variation on this is coining.

The clamp is closed but the mold has components that compress the plastic in the cavity as the plastic cools. Coining is where the cavity volume is changing during the solidification of the plastic. Plastic is injected into the cavity and then the movable platen closes completely, or a mold component moves to compress the

plastic to compensate for shrinkage or densification.

“Injection Molding” in EPSE 2nd ed., Vol. 8, pp. 102–138, by I. I. Rubin, Robinson Plastic Corp.

JOHN W. BOZZELLI

Midland, Michigan