Struktur Plastik Monomer Polimer Duromer

Struktur plastik Bahan baku produk plastik adalah minyak mentah, gas alam dan batu bara sebagai pembawa karbon. Saat ini, minyak pirolisis dari pabrik daur ulang terkadang digunakan sebagai bahan awal. Nama plastik adalah istilah kolektif untuk bahan makromolekul yang diproduksi secara sintetis atau dengan mengubah produk alami. Makromolekul ini terdiri dari individu, komponen molekul terkait kimia, yang disebut monomer. Ketika monomer dirantai bersama, apa yang disebut polimer dibuat. Sebuah rantai polimer tunggal dapat dibentuk dari beberapa ribu monomer.

Plastik dapat terdiri dari molekul linier, bercabang atau ikatan silang. Makromolekul linier dan bercabang, yang, bagaimanapun, tidak terkait silang, dibuat bergerak oleh penerapan panas. Molekul dapat meluncur satu sama lain, yaitu bahannya dapat mengalir dan dapat ditempa. Inilah sebabnya mengapa bahan polimer ini disebut termoplastik. Semakin panjang rantai molekul dalam plastik, semakin tinggi sifat kekuatannya. Profil sifat termoplastik berkisar dari lunak hingga keras-keras atau rapuh keras. Dalam kasus elastomer, makromolekul saling terkait secara lemah. Pada suhu kamar mereka berada dalam keadaan karet-elastis karena mobilitas rantainya yang tinggi.

Elastomer tidak dapat dicairkan dan tidak larut. Plastik dengan rantai molekul jaringan yang kuat secara spasial dikenal sebagai duromer. Mereka berperilaku keras dan rapuh pada suhu kamar. Seperti elastomer, mereka tidak larut dan tidak dapat diserap. Ada juga yang disebut elastomer termoplastik (TPE), yaitu plastik seperti karet yang dapat dilebur. Seperti termoplastik, mereka terdiri dari molekul benang. Dalam elastomer termoplastik, bagaimanapun, molekul benang memiliki segmen molekul individu yang begitu kuat tertarik satu sama lain sehingga mereka bertindak seperti jaringan.

NEW PRODUCT CREATION

The products produced by the company, in their journey, of course undergo stages as according to its life cycle, so that product selection, product definition and product designs need to be continuously updated. Therefore know how to create and develop new products successfully it is an obligation for companies that want to survive.

1. New Product Creation Opportunity

Circumstances that provide opportunities for the emergence of new products include:

1. Consumer Understanding

2. Economic Change

3. Sociological and demographic changes

4. Technological Change

5. Political/Regulatory Changes

6. Other changes such as:

a. Practice in the market

b. Professional standard

c. Supplier

d. Distributor

2. The Importance of New Products

Companies need to continuously make efforts to create new products or product renewal because to be able to balance the competition faced including substitute products as well as changes in consumer needs and desires. Even though in reality many new products fail to get it marketed but persistent efforts to introduce new products must still be done. Therefore, product selection, product definition and product design is very important to be carried out continuously so that the operations manager and

the organization must understand the risk of failure that may occur. And must accommodate many new products while the activities carried out are still carried out.

Product Development Stages

a. Ideas that can come from various sources from within the company, for example the Research section

and Development and from outside through understanding consumer behavior, competition,

technology, workers, supplies. This stage is the basis for entering the market and

usually follow the company's marketing strategy.

b. The ability of the company to realize the idea. By doing coordination of various related departments in the company concerned.

c. Consumer demand to win in competition by identifying position and product benefits that consumers want through attributes about the product.

d. Functional specifications: How can a product function? By going through identification of engineering characteristics of the product, possible comparison with the product from competitors.

e. Product specifications: How is the product made? Through physical specifications such as size,

dimensions.

f. Design review: Are the product specifications the best in meeting the requirements? consumer needs?

g. Market test: Does the product meet consumer expectations? To ensure prospects for future by selling in bulk.

h. Introduction in the market by mass-producing to be marketed.

i. Evaluation: to measure success or failure, because if you fail you can quickly

replaced by other, more profitable products.

Color Reproduction in Printing

Quality assurance in printing aims to constant/fixed and correct/correct color reproduction/copying via whole in the printing process. For printing ink and color printing supplies, the most important parameter is film thickness ink, halftone value, color balance, ink installation and color series. 

Ink film thickness For technical reasons, the maximum ink film thickness is in offset printing is about 3.5 m. For coated paper and color process related to DIN 16 539 color location which should be achieved/obtained with an ink film thickness between 0.7 and 1.1 m. 

If lithography it doesn't fit / doesn't match, use printing ink that is not appropriate, however, this could happen that point of standardization on the chromatic diagram CIE not reached. Color distance reproduction also decreases if the saturation is not adequate. 

In white area picture shows how narrow the color gap with the ink is less in every three color processes. 

In terms of physics, the effect of the thickness of the ink film on the The view can be explained as follows.

Printing ink does not cover the paper; the ink is, somewhat, transparent. Light enters/penetrates the ink. 

In passing through ink, light facing pigment that absorbs into wavelength whichever is larger or smaller. The higher the pigment concentration and the film thickness The higher the ink/bigger, the more pigment is produced incorporated by the incident light and, as a result, more is absorbed. In the end, the ray of light reaches the surface (white) on the print and reflected supplies. On the way back to the light has to go through the ink film again and only after that he can captured/seen by the eye of the observer. 

The thick printing ink film absorbs more light and reflects less than the thin printing ink film; so that observers see darker, more saturated colors, hues. The part of the light that reaches the eye becomes suitable as basis for estimating/grading each color.

Raster Image Processor RIP Express

Raster Image Processor

translate postscript language for imagessetter

imagesetter: a machine that produces high-resolution output on film

translate image into raster

translate bitmap to halftone

work flow technology to increase processing speed and ease of processing data electronically

print directly

RIP(express)

RipExpress is based on Adobe's Configurable PostScript Interpreter (CPSI) to interpret PostScript files accurately and consistently.

RipExpress by Monotype Systems is software

This versatile RIP can handle color and monochrome files from PostScript 3

RipExpress that combines optimum performance with an exclusive and easy-to-use interface

available for Sun UltraSPARC and Window NT platforms on Pentium PCs.

RipExpress is a full implementation of the PostScript 3 software from Adobe

which offers increased performance and benefits such as direct processing and printing of PDF files.

Super Screens are used to show superior looking finishes. ,

With Super Screens, 'appeal' can be removed from imagesetting and direct-to-plate systems

and can produce 4096 levels of gray on these high-resolution tools.

Color preview provides a full color preview of the RIP work on the screen

Previewed bitmap images can be sent directly to a high-resolution recorder or

alternatively printed to a color proofer for deeper evaluation.

Easy-to-use RipExpress features with a graphical interface

Uses Adobe's CPSI to ensure perfect compatibility with the pure PostScript 3 language.

Output to Laserbus for connecting all kinds of recorders using Personality Interfaces

Input spooling and hold facilities, and output spooling and hold

Color page preview on screen. 

Halftone and calibration table.

A set of 136 fonts provided by default.

Multiple inputs using Ethertalk, TCP/IP, LPR, drop folder and MGS3 special input.

Save media usage with Trim Page which removes excess white area under the page

Film Saving which automatically rotates the page so that it can save material.

Anamorphic scaling with separate X & Y scale control

In-place compression and decompression for bitmap files

Additional RIP to TIFF Options: Output can be set to output 1 bit TIFF files as uncompressed, Packbits, CCITT Huffman, Fax Group 3 and Fax Group 4.

OPI can provide a pointer where MGS3 can put high-resolution images when they log into the system

Then OPI substitution can occur on the RIP when the page is printed

FM Screens: Stochastic screening using Adobe Brilliant Screens

PrintExpress Snap Shots PrintExpress/CPM

is a digital workflow system that includes a number of software

which is used to link page builder and press printing applications.

PrintExpress handles the steps from receiving a page in PostScript or PDF format through

RIPAN, pagepairing, spooling, proofing, tracking and remote transmission to printing in different places

The set of modules that PrintExpress includes are:

PostScript / PDF Spooler This module accepts PostScript or PDF format files from other systems

like a page generator on a PC or Mac or an OPI server.

This module uses standard input protocols such as PAP (Apple), TCP/IP, drop file or from OPI MG3 server.