Epicyclic Gear Trains

When at least one of the gear axes rotates relative to the frame in addition to the gear's own rotation about its own axes, the train is called a planetary gear train or epicyclic gear train. The term ``epicyclic'' comes from the fact that points on gears with moving axes of rotation describe epicyclic paths. When a generating circle (planet gear) rolls on the outside of another circle, called a directing circle (sun gear), each point on the generating circle describes an epicycloid, as shown in Fig. 2.7.

Generally, the more planet gears there are, the greater is the torque capacity of the system. For better load balancing, new designs have two sun gears and up to 12 planetary assemblies in one casing.

In the case of simple and compound gears, it is not difficult to visualize the motion of the gears, and the determination of the speed ratio is relatively easy. In the case of epicyclic gear trains, it is often diffuclt to visualize the motion of the gears. A systematic procedure using the contour method is presented in what follows. The contour method is applied to determine the distribution of velocities for an epicyclic gear train.

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Mechanical Engineer's Handbook

Edited by

Dan B. Marghitu

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Auburn University,

Auburn, Alabama

Academic Press Series in Engineering

Series Editor

J. David Irwin

Auburn University

Variations and Extension to the Injection-Molding Process

Injection Blow Molding. 

A preform (this looks like a test tube with bottle cap threads) is injection molded in one cavity, removed and then placed into another where it is pressurized with gas to stretch the hot preform into a thinnerwalled

seamless bottle or container such as a milk bottle or gas tank. This is depicted in Figure 7. This is an extension of injection molding more than a variation.

Injection Compression/Coining. 

With this technique the mold is only partially closed during injection. At the appropriate time and with the right amount of plastic in the mold, the clamp is then completely closed, forcing (compressing) the plastic to the shape of the mold cavity. A variation on this is coining.

The clamp is closed but the mold has components that compress the plastic in the cavity as the plastic cools. Coining is where the cavity volume is changing during the solidification of the plastic. Plastic is injected into the cavity and then the movable platen closes completely, or a mold component moves to compress the

plastic to compensate for shrinkage or densification.

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“Injection Molding” in EPSE 2nd ed., Vol. 8, pp. 102–138, by I. I. Rubin, Robinson Plastic Corp.

JOHN W. BOZZELLI

Midland, Michigan

Members of Design Teams

The number and type of individuals that comprise a design team is largely determined by the size of the design project. Even though an individual is assigned to a team, all members may not be involved at all times. In a concurrent engineering environment the team members work together to meet the common goal. Typical members of a design team might include:

I. Product design engineer-responsible for the overall product design.

2. Product manager-the person who has the ultimate responsibility for a design and its team.

3. Mechanical engineer-responsible for mechanical and electromechanical product development.

4. Electrical engineer-responsible for electronic components of the design.

5. Manufacturing engineer-responsible for the manufacturing processes used to create the product.

6. Software engineer-responsible for any computer software code needed for a product.

7. Detailer/drafter-assists the engineers with the 3-D modeling and documentation of the product.

8. Materials engineer-responsible for the selection of the material hest suited for a product.

9. Quality control engineer-responsible for meeting the quality guidelines for the product and its

manufacture.

10. Industrial designer-responsible for the product's appearance, form. and human factors analysis.

II. Vendor representatives-responsible for any outsourcing required by the company making the design.

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The Engineering Design Process

Bertoline-Wiebe-Miller: Fundamentals of Graphics Communication,

The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2001

Mechanical properties

Strength

The nominal yield strength shall be in the range of 235 N/mm2 to 690 N/mm2. The nominal tensile strength shall be in the range of 300 N/mm2 to 1000 N/mm2.

Ductility

The elongation after fracture on proportional gauge length shall be at least 15 %, for nominal yield strength not greater than 460 N/mm2; and shall be at least 10 % for nominal yield strength greater than 460 N/mm2.

The tensile strength to yield strength ratio shall be at least 1.2 based on nominal values, or at least 1.1 based on actual values, for nominal yield strength not greater than 460 N/mm2.

NOTE Conversion of elongation values measured not based on proportional gauge length is necessary and shall be performed according to BS EN ISO 2566-1.

Impact toughness

As a minimum, the product shall be able to absorb at least 27 J of impact energy at 20 °C.

NOTE Depending on other factors including the thickness and minimum service temperature, the impact toughness should also conform to the appropriate requirements as given in BS 5950-1.

Through thickness deformation properties

Where appropriate, through thickness deformation properties shall be specified to guarantee adequate

deformation capacity perpendicular to the surface to provide ductility and toughness against lamellar tearing.

NOTE Specification of through thickness deformation properties can be referred to BS EN 10164.

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Design Guide on Use of

Alternative

Steel

Materials

to BS 5950

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Cold runner

Expenditures runner of the mold.

Way of the runner of the mold usually closely related to the type of gate is used. From this emerged a two plate mold design and three-plate mold. Gate Mold type: strip gate, tunnel gate and gate flash,

if there is no requirement or a specific form of the product, mold will be designed with two plates.

At the time of mold starts to open, regardless of the sprue runner R for pin carried by runners who have undercut at the edges.Meanwhile, the gate tunnel cavity disconnected from the product because it was interrupted by the lip of the pit gate. At the opening of the next runner mold and product driven by the stripper plate, the runner forcibly detached from the undercut at the end of the  runner-pin, then fell with the product. Here can be seen, that the mold with a tunnel gate will produce a product that has been separated from the runner. Being a product with a strip gate still hung with runnernya, to require additional work to cut the tow runner from the product.

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Design tasks

The design tasks of this particular project were a bit unusual. The contracting utility had already built the reactor and the buildings to house the control room. The control room designers, therefore, had to design a control room for an already existing plant, with consideration of the sensors and actuators that were present. Functional

information, however, was largely lacking. For example, it would be known from plant drawings that a certain feedwater stream had x number of valves of which some

were manually controllable. Functionally, however, it would not be known what purpose that feedwater stream served. In many cases, engineers had to infer design purposes from the drawings. For the most part, the plant was `wired already, meaning that sensors and their signals already existed. In particular, the level of automation of plant systems was pre-determined. In addition, the control room itself had to "t within the existing space allotted for the control room, with walls, doors, and basic wiring in fixed locations.

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A participant-observer study of ergonomics in engineering design:

how constraints drive design process

Catherine M. Burns*,1, Kim J. Vicente

Cognitive Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada

www.elsevier.com

Feed gearbox Lathe

The feed gearbox or quick-change gearbox is fitted directly below the head stock assembly. Power from the lathe spindle is transmitted through gears to the quick-change gearbox. This gear box contains a number of different sizes of gear which provides a means to change the rate of the feed, and the ratio between the revolutions of the head stock spindle and the movement of the carriage for thread cutting by altering the speed of motion of feed rod or lead screw.

The arrangement which are employed in feed gear boxes to obtain multiple speeds and different rates of feed are:

1.Sliding gear mechanism

2.Sliding clutch mechanism

3.Gear cone and tumbler gear mechanism

4.Sliding key mechanism

5.Combination of any two or more of the above

Feed rod

The feed rod is a long shaft that has the key way extending from the feed box across and in front of the bed. The power is transmitted from the lathe spindle to the apron gears through a feed rod via large number of gears. The feed rod is used to move the carriage or cross-slide for turning, boring, facing and all other operations except thread cutting.

Lead screw

The lead screw is a long threaded shaft used as a master screw, and is brought into operation only when threads have to be cut. In all other times the lead screw is disengaged from the gear box and remains stationary, but this ma be used to provide motion for turning, boring, etc. in lathes that are not equipped with a feed rod.

Apron Mechanism

The apron mechanism is used for transforming rotary motion of the feed rod and the lead screw into feed motion of the carriage. The mechanism also ensures that when the half nut is engaged with the lead screw the worm drops down disconnecting the feed motion. This arrangement is called foolproof arrangement and saves the machine from any damage.

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RIVETS

A rivet is a fastener that has a head and a shank and is made of a deformable material.

It is used to join several parts by placing the shank into holes through the several parts and creating another head by upsetting or deforming the projecting shank.

During World War II, Rosie the Riveter was a popular cartoon character in the United States. No better image can illustrate the advantages of riveted joints.These are

1. Low cost

2. Fast automatic or repetitive assembly

3. Permanent joints

4. Usable for joints of unlike materials such as metals and plastics

5. Wide range of rivet shapes and materials

6. Large selection of riveting methods, tools, and machines

Riveted joints, however, are not as strong under tension loading as are bolted joints (see Chap. 22), and the joints may loosen under the action of vibratory tensile or shear forces acting on the members of the joint. Unlike with welded joints, special sealing methods must be used when riveted joints are to resist the leakage of gas or fluids.

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Joseph E. Shigley

Professor Emeritus

The University of Michigan

Ann Arbor,Michigan

Source: STANDARD HANDBOOK OF MACHINE DESIGN

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Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved.

Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website.

Tunnel gate and Runner

Tunnel gate is usually conical beheaded, overhanging one side sloping cavity or product. Gate hole diameter d must Consider the weight of the product, the condition of cross-section with long-bends and runners. As a measure taken beginning 0.8 mm to around 10 grams of product weight. After the trial if showed signs are too small gate, gate be enlarged as needed.

Runner is a conduit between the nozzle on the end of the barrel with a cavity in the mold. Melting plastic in the room at the end of the barrel which is the injection, flow through the hole nozzle, sprue holes, conduit or runner, gate and finally enter into the cavity, because it will be a product. Moderate plastic that fills the channels along the runner and sprue, is a waste that must be removed from the mold along with the current product expenditures.

Because it is a waste, then the mold with a cavity much, cavity layout and conditions runner distribution must be considered, in order to get the runner channels as short as possible. With a short runner channel, cross-sectional runner can be made smaller, so the weight of materials that become waste (know by heart) would be small, given the weight - the channel cross section x length x channel density.

Condition of cross section and channel length of the sprue runner each cavity are cultivated together, so that received an injection pressure of each cavity so that the filling of each same acvity balanced.

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Traditional Engineering Design

Traditional engineering design is a linear approach divided into a number of steps. For example. a six-step process might be divided into problem identification, preliminary ideas. refinement. analysis. documentation.

and implementation. (Sec Figure 1.12.) The design process moves through each step in a sequential manner; however. if problems arc encountered. the process may return to a previous step. This repetitive action is called iteration or looping. Many industries use the traditional

engineering design process: however. a new process is developing that combines some features of the traditional process with a team approach that involves all segment.~ of a business.

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The Engineering Design Process

Bertoline-Wiebe-Miller: Fundamentals of Graphics Communication,

The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2001

Bosses injection molding

Bosses are used in parts that will be assembled with inserts, self-tapping screws,

drive pins, expansion inserts, cut threads, and plug or force-fits. Avoid stand-alone

bosses whenever possible. Instead, connect the boss to a wall or rib, with a connecting rib as shown in Figure 31. If the boss is so far away from a wall that a connecting rib is impractical, design the boss with gussets as shown in Figure 32.

Figures 33 and 34 give the recommended dimensional proportions for designing bosses at or away from a wall. Note that these bosses are cored all the way to the bottom of the boss.

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GLOSSARY OF SPRING TERMINOLOGY

active coils: those coils which are free to deflect under load.

baking: heating of electroplated springs to relieve hydrogen embrittlement.

buckling: bowing or lateral displacement of a compression spring; this effect is related to slenderness ratio L/D.

closed and ground ends: same as closed ends, except that the first and last coils are ground to provide a flat bearing surface.

closed ends: compression spring ends with coil pitch angle reduced so that they are square with the spring axis and touch the adjacent coils.

close-wound: wound so that adjacent coils are touching.

deflection: motion imparted to a spring by application or removal of an external load.

elastic limit: maximum stress to which a material may be subjected without permanent

set.

endurance limit: maximum stress, at a given stress ratio, at which material will operate in a given environment for a stated number of cycles without failure.

free angle: angular relationship between arms of a helical torsion spring which is not under load.

free length: overall length of a spring which is not under load.

gradient: see rate.

heat setting: a process to prerelax a spring in order to improve stress-relaxation resistance in service.

helical springs: springs made of bar stock or wire coiled into a helical form; this category includes compression, extension, and torsion springs.

hooks: open loops or ends of extension springs.

hysteresis: mechanical energy loss occurring during loading and unloading of a spring within the elastic range. It is illustrated by the area between load-deflection curves.

initial tension: a force that tends to keep coils of a close-wound extension spring closed and which must be overcome before the coils start to open.

loops: formed ends with minimal gaps at the ends of extension springs.

mean diameter: in a helical spring, the outside diameter minus one wire diameter.

modulus in shear or torsion (modulus of rigidity G): coefficient of stiffness used for compression and extension springs.

modulus in tension or bending (Young’s modulus E): coefficient of stiffness used for torsion or flat springs.

moment: a product of the distance from the spring axis to the point of load application and the force component normal to the distance line.

natural frequency: lowest inherent rate of free vibration of a spring vibrating between its own ends.

pitch: distance from center to center of wire in adjacent coils in an open-wound spring.

plain ends: end coils of a helical spring having a constant pitch and with the ends not squared.

plain ends, ground: same as plain ends, except that wire ends are ground square with the axis.

rate: spring gradient, or change in load per unit of deflection.

residual stress: stress mechanically induced by such means as set removal, shot

peening, cold working, or forming; it may be beneficial or not, depending on the spring application.

set: permanent change of length, height, or position after a spring is stressed beyond material’s elastic limit.

set point: stress at which some arbitrarily chosen amount of set (usually 2 percent)

occurs; set percentage is the set divided by the deflection which produced it.

set removal: an operation which causes a permanent loss of length or height because of spring deflection.

solid height: length of a compression spring when deflected under load sufficient to bring all adjacent coils into contact.

spiral springs: springs formed from flat strip or wire wound in the form of a spiral,

loaded by torque about an axis normal to the plane of the spiral.

spring index: ratio of mean diameter to wire diameter.

squared and ground ends: see closed and ground ends.

squared ends: see closed ends.

squareness: angular deviation between the axis of a compression spring in a free

state and a line normal to the end planes.

stress range: difference in operating stresses at minimum and maximum loads.

stress ratio: minimum stress divided by maximum stress.

stress relief: a low-temperature heat treatment given springs to relieve residual

stresses produced by prior cold forming.

torque: see moment.

total number of coils: the sum of the number of active and inactive coils in a spring

body.

READ MORE.......

Robert E. Joerres

Applications Engineering Manager

Associated Spring, Barnes Group, Inc.

Bristol, Connecticut

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Feed mechanism

The movement of the tool relative to the work is termed as “feed”. A lathe tool may have three types of feed-longitudinal, cross, and angular. When the tool moves parallel to the lathe axis, the movement is termed as longitudinal feed and is effected by the movement of carriage. When the tool moves at right angles to the lathe axis with the help of the cross slide the movement is termed as cross feed, while the movement of the tool by compound slide when it is swiveled at an angle to the lathe axis is termed as angular feed. Cross and longitudinal feed is both hand and power operated, but angular feed is only hand operated.

 The feed mechanism has different units through which motion is transmitted from the head stock spindle to the carriage. Following are the units:

1.End of bed gearing

2.Feed gearbox

3.Feed rod and lead screw

4.Apron mechanism

End of bed bearing

The gearing serves the purpose of transmitting the drive to the lead screw and feed shaft, either direct or through a gearbox. In modern lathes, tumbler gear mechanism or bevel gear feed reversing mechanism is incorporated to reverse the direction of feed.

Tumbler gear mechanism

Tumbler gear mechanism is used to give the desired direction of movement to the lathe carriage, via lead screw or the feed shaft. The tumbler gearing comprise of two pinions mounted on a bracket. The bracket is pivoted about the 1st stud shaft. The design provides three positions of bracket: forward, neutral, and reverse. With the forward position, only one gear train, and the lathe carriage is moved towards the headstock. With the introduced only to reverse the direction of rotation, and the carriage is neutral position, the spindle is disengaged from the lead screw is disengaged from the lead screw or feed shaft gearbox.

Bevel gear feed reversing mechanism

The tumbler gear mechanism being a non-rigid construction cannot be used in a modern heavy-duty lathe. The clutch-operated bevel gear feed reversing mechanism incorporated below the headstock or in apron provides sufficient rigidity in construction.

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Specific design example

For a specific design example, we have extracted the design of the general size and shape of the standup panels for the control room. This design problem involved many designers, and several design changes occurred during the period over which we observed the project. For this reason, this example is rich enough to allow us to discuss the "ne details of design process. Fig. 1 shows the development of this design along a four-month timeline.

Standup panels are the large panels typically located along the walls of a control room on which meters and controls and alarms are placed. When the "eld study began, an initial design of the panel pro"le already existed.

For ergonomists, one of the main concerns is that controls and meters are readable and reachable. Therefore,

this "rst design was based on anthropometric data provided in the standard IEC-964. Further work with this data set re"ned the design of the panel. The analysis was then documented.

The data used from the international standard, however,  was drawn from an American population. Two

months later, speci"c anthropometric data for the customer 's population were received from the customer.

This population's dimensions were somewhat smaller than the IEC-964 data. Accommodating this new data set would have required redesigning the control panels to be shorter by about 1 in (2.54 cm). The changes were considered to be insigni"cant and were noted but not made.

Two weeks later, it was discovered that the current panels would not "t through the hallways of the building,

as designed. For shipping purposes, the panels had to be resegmented. The panels were redesigned so that they could be segmented and shipped through the hallways of the building.

Near the end of August, a design document was issued to the customer illustrating the panel designs. The customer felt that the panels `looked too smalla and, upon learning that the panels were designed to meet anthropometric criteria, established a minimum height requirement for their operators, thereby cutting o! the lower end of the anthropometric data set. The panels were then redesigned to be taller.

The "nal change observed during the "eld study occurred due to a manufacturing consideration. It was decided that the panels would be constructed from mosaic material a modular construction of small blocks covered with plastic that would give #exibility in layout as it would permit modi"cations to be made. The material, although it could be cut, came in "xed sizes, one of which was just slightly larger than the size of the board. To make the manufacture of the panels easier and cheaper, the board was extended once again (Fig. 1).

As illustrated in the example, many practical changes happen during the course of a design. Although  ergonomists may strive for the optimal ergonomic design, there are constraints that prevent the locally optimal

ergonomic design from being a globally optimal solution for the design problem.

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Catherine M. Burns*,1, Kim J. Vicente

Cognitive Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada

www.elsevier.com

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The carriage of a lathe

The carriage of a lathe has several parts that serve to support, move and control the cutting tool. It consists of the following parts: 1.Saddle 2.Cross-slide 3.Compound slide or compound rest 4.Tool post and 5.Apron Saddle The saddle is an H-shaped casting that fits over the bed and slides along the ways. It carries the cross slide and tool post. Some means are generally provided for locking the saddle to prevent any movement when surfacing operations are carried out. The cross slide The cross-slide comprises a casting machined on the under aside for attachment to the saddle and carries locations on the upper face the tool post or compound rest. The crosspiece of the saddle is mechanized with a dovetail way, at right angles to the center axis of the lathe, which serves to guide the cross-slide itself. The compound rest The compound rest or compound slide is a mounted on the top of the cross-slide and has a circular base graduated in degrees. It is used for obtaining angular cuts and short taper as well as convenient positioning of the tool to work. By loosening two setscrews, which fit in a v- grove around the compound-rest base, the rest slide may be swiveled to any angle within circle. There is no power feed to the compound rest and it is hand operated. The compound rest handle is also equipped with a micrometer dial to assist in determining the depth of the cut. After necessary setting the compound slide is locked solid with its base. The tool post This is located on the top of the compound rest to hold the tool enable it to be adjusted to a convenient working position. Following are the common tool post: 1.Single screw tool post 2.Four bolt tool post 3.Open side tool post 4.Four way tool post The apron The apron is fastened to the saddle and hangs over the front of the bed. It contains gears, clutches, and levers for operating the carriage by hand and power feeds. The e apron also contains function clutches for automatic feeds. In addition, there is a split nut which engages, when required with the lead screw, when cutting either internal or external threads. The lay out of the apron includes an inter locking device which prevents the simultaneous engagement of the feed shaft and the lead screw. The apron handle wheel can turned to move the carriage back and forth longitudinally by hand. The complementary motion to this is obtained by the cross- feed handle, which moves the cross- slide back and forth across the saddle. The handle wheel is connected via a pinion meshing with a rack fitted to the lathe bed Usually a chasing dial or thread cutting dial is fitted either to the side or top of the apron and consists of a graduated dial. It has entirely independent drive provided by a worm wheel, which is a constant mesh with the lead screw. 

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ASTM - Iron and Steel Products

Section 01 - Iron and Steel Products Volume 01.01, January 2005 Steel--Piping, Tubing, Fittings A0053_A0053M-04A Specification for Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot-Dipped, Zinc-Coated, Welded and Seamless A0105_A0105M-03 Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping Applications A0106_A0106M-04B Specification for Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service A0134-96R01 Specification for Pipe, Steel, Electric-Fusion (Arc)-Welded (Sizes NPS 16 and Over) A0135-01 Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Steel Pipe A0139_A0139M-04 Specification for Electric-Fusion (Arc)-Welded Steel Pipe (NPS 4 and Over) A0178_A0178M-02 Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Carbon Steel and Carbon-Manganese Steel Boiler and Superheater Tubes A0179_A0179M-90AR01 Specification for Seamless Cold-Drawn Low-Carbon Steel Heat-Exchanger and Condenser Tubes A0181_A0181M-01 Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings, for General-Purpose Piping A0182_A0182M-04A Specification for Forged or Rolled Alloy and Stainless Steel Pipe Flanges, Forged Fittings, and Valves and Parts for High-Temperature Service A0192_A0192M-02 Specification for Seamless Carbon Steel Boiler Tubes for High-Pressure Service A0193_A0193M-04B Specification for Alloy-Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting Materials for High-Temperature Service A0194_A0194M-04A Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts for Bolts for High Pressure or High Temperature Service, or Both A0209_A0209M-03 Specification for Seamless Carbon-Molybdenum Alloy-Steel Boiler and Superheater Tubes A0210_A0210M-02 Specification for Seamless Medium-Carbon Steel Boiler and Superheater Tubes A0213_A0213M-04B Specification for Seamless Ferritic and Austenitic Alloy-Steel Boiler, Superheater, and Heat-Exchanger Tubes A0214_A0214M-96R01 Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Carbon Steel Heat-Exchanger and Condenser Tubes A0234_A0234M-04 Specification for Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel for Moderate and High Temperature Service A0249_A0249M-04A Specification for Welded Austenitic Steel Boiler, Superheater, Heat-Exchanger, and Condenser Tubes A0250_A0250M-04 Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Ferritic Alloy-Steel Boiler and Superheater Tubes A0252-98R02 Specification for Welded and Seamless Steel Pipe Piles A0254-97R02 Specification for Copper-Brazed Steel Tubing A0268_A0268M-04A Specification for Seamless and Welded Ferritic and Martensitic Stainless Steel Tubing for General Service A0269-04 Specification for Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Tubing for General Service A0270-03A Specification for Seamless and Welded Austenitic and Ferritic/Austenitic Stainless Steel Sanitary Tubing A0312_A0312M-04B Specification for Seamless, Welded, and Heavily Cold Worked Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipes A0320_A0320M-04 Specification for Alloy-Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting Materials for Low-Temperature Service A0333_A0333M-04A Specification for Seamless and Welded Steel Pipe for Low-Temperature Service A0334_A0334M-04A Specification for Seamless and Welded Carbon and Alloy-Steel Tubes for Low-Temperature Service A0335_A0335M-03 Specification for Seamless Ferritic Alloy-Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service A0350_A0350M-04A Specification for Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel Forgings, Requiring Notch Toughness Testing for Piping Components A0358_A0358M-04 Specification for Electric-Fusion-Welded Austenitic Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service and General Applications A0369_A0369M-02 Specification for Carbon and Ferritic Alloy Steel Forged and Bored Pipe for High-Temperature Service A0370-03A Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products A0376_A0376M-04 Specification for Seamless Austenitic Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Central-Station Service A0381-96R01 Specification for Metal-Arc-Welded Steel Pipe for Use With High-Pressure Transmission Systems A0403_A0403M-04 Specification for Wrought Austenitic Stainless Steel Piping Fittings A0409_A0409M-01 Specification for Welded Large Diameter Austenitic Steel Pipe for Corrosive or High-Temperature Service A0420_A0420M-04 Specification for Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel for Low-Temperature Service A0423_A0423M-95R04 Specification for Seamless and Electric-Welded Low-Alloy Steel Tubes A0426_A0426M-02 Specification for Centrifugally Cast Ferritic Alloy Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service A0437_A0437M-04 Specification for Alloy-Steel Turbine-Type Bolting Material Specially Heat Treated for High-Temperature Service A0450_A0450M-04A Specification for General Requirements for Carbon, Ferritic Alloy, and Austenitic Alloy Steel Tubes A0451_A0451M-02 Specification for Centrifugally Cast Austenitic Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service A0453_A0453M-04 Specification for High-Temperature Bolting Materials, with Expansion Coefficients Comparable to Austenitic Stainless Steels A0498-04 Specification for Seamless and Welded Carbon Steel Heat-Exchanger Tubes with Integral Fins A0500-03A Specification for Cold-Formed Welded and Seamless Carbon Steel Structural Tubing in Rounds and Shapes A0501-01 Specification for Hot-Formed Welded and Seamless Carbon Steel Structural Tubing A0511-04 Specification for Seamless Stainless Steel Mechanical Tubing A0512-96R01 Specification for Cold-Drawn Buttweld Carbon Steel Mechanical Tubing A0513-00 Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Carbon and Alloy Steel Mechanical Tubing A0519-03 Specification for Seamless Carbon and Alloy Steel Mechanical Tubing A0522_A0522M-01 Specification for Forged or Rolled 8 and 9\% Nickel Alloy Steel Flanges, Fittings, Valves, and Parts for Low-Temperature Service A0523-96R01 Specification for Plain End Seamless and Electric-Resistance-Welded Steel Pipe for High-Pressure Pipe-Type Cable Circuits A0524-96R01 Specification for Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for Atmospheric and Lower Temperatures A0530_A0530M-04A Specification for General Requirements for Specialized Carbon and Alloy Steel Pipe A0539 Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Coiled Steel Tubing for Gas and Fuel Oil Lines A0540_A0540M-04 Specification for Alloy-Steel Bolting Materials for Special Applications A0554-03 Specification for Welded Stainless Steel Mechanical Tubing A0556_A0556M-96R01 Specification for Seamless Cold-Drawn Carbon Steel Feedwater Heater Tubes A0587-96R01 Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Low-Carbon Steel Pipe for the Chemical Industry A0589-96R01 Specification for Seamless and Welded Carbon Steel Water-Well Pipe A0595-04A Specification for Steel Tubes, Low-Carbon or High-Strength Low-Alloy, Tapered for Structural Use A0608_A0608M-02 Specification for Centrifugally Cast Iron-Chromium-Nickel High-Alloy Tubing for Pressure Application at High Temperatures A0618_A0618M-04 Specification for Hot-Formed Welded and Seamless High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Tubing A0632-04 Specification for Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Tubing (Small-Diameter) for General Service A0660-96R01 Specification for Centrifugally Cast Carbon Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service A0671-04 Specification for Electric-Fusion-Welded Steel Pipe for Atmospheric and Lower Temperatures A0672-96R01 Specification for Electric-Fusion-Welded Steel Pipe for High-Pressure Service at Moderate Temperatures A0688_A0688M-04 Specification for Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Feedwater Heater Tubes A0691-98R02 Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Pipe, Electric-Fusion-Welded for High-Pressure Service at High Temperatures A0694_A0694M-03 Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Pipe Flanges, Fittings, Valves, and Parts for High-Pressure Transmission Service A0707_A0707M-02 Specification for Forged Carbon and Alloy Steel Flanges for Low-Temperature Service A0714-99R03 Specification for High-Strength Low-Alloy Welded and Seamless Steel Pipe A0727_A0727M-02 Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping Components with Inherent Notch Toughness A0733-03 Specification for Welded and Seamless Carbon Steel and Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe Nipples A0751-01 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for Chemical Analysis of Steel Products A0758_A0758M-00 Specification for Wrought-Carbon Steel Butt-Welding Piping Fittings with Improved Notch Toughness A0771_A0771M Specification for Seamless Austenitic and Martensitic Stainless Steel Tubing for Liquid Metal-Cooled Reactor Core Components A0774_A0774M-02 Specification for As-Welded Wrought Austenitic Stainless Steel Fittings for General Corrosive Service at Low and Moderate Temperatures A0778-01 Specification for Welded, Unannealed Austenitic Stainless Steel Tubular Products A0787-01 Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Metallic-Coated Carbon Steel Mechanical Tubing A0789_A0789M-04A Specification for Seamless and Welded Ferritic/Austenitic Stainless Steel Tubing for General Service A0790_A0790M-04A Specification for Seamless and Welded Ferritic/Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe A0795_A0795M-04 Specification for Black and Hot-Dipped Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Welded and Seamless Steel Pipe for Fire Protection Use A0803_A0803M-03 Specification for Welded Ferritic Stainless Steel Feedwater Heater Tubes A0813_A0813M-01 Specification for Single- or Double-Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe A0814_A0814M-03 Specification for Cold-Worked Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe A0815_A0815M-04 Specification for Wrought Ferritic, Ferritic/Austenitic, and Martensitic Stainless Steel Piping Fittings A0822_A0822M-04 Specification for Seamless Cold-Drawn Carbon Steel Tubing for Hydraulic System Service A0826_A0826M Specification for Seamless Austenitic and Martensitic Stainless Steel Duct Tubes for Liquid Metal-Cooled Reactor Core Components A0836_A0836M-02 Specification for Titanium-Stabilized Carbon Steel Forgings for Glass-Lined Piping and Pressure Vessel Service A0847-99AR03 Specification for Cold-Formed Welded and Seamless High-Strength, Low-Alloy Structural Tubing with Improved Atmospheric Corrosion Resistance A0851 Specification for High-Frequency Induction Welded, Unannealed, Austenitic Steel Condenser Tubes A0858_A0858M-00 Specification for Heat-Treated Carbon Steel Fittings for Low-Temperature and Corrosive Service A0860_A0860M-00 Specification for Wrought High-Strength Low-Alloy Steel Butt-Welding Fittings A0865-03 Specification for Threaded Couplings, Steel, Black or Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Welded or Seamless, for Use in Steel Pipe Joints A0872_A0872M-04 Specification for Centrifugally Cast Ferritic/Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe for Corrosive Environments A0908-03 Specification for Stainless Steel Needle Tubing A0928_A0928M-04 Specification for Ferritic/Austenitic (Duplex) Stainless Steel Pipe Electric Fusion Welded with Addition of Filler Metal A0941-04A Terminology Relating to Steel, Stainless Steel, Related Alloys, and Ferroalloys A0943_A0943M-01 Specification for Spray-Formed Seamless Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipes A0949_A0949M-01 Specification for Spray-Formed Seamless Ferritic/Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe A0953-02 Specification for Austenitic Chromium-Nickel-Silicon Alloy Steel Seamless and Welded Tubing A0954-02 Specification for Austenitic Chromium-Nickel-Silicon Alloy Steel Seamless and Welded Pipe A0960_A0960M-04A Specification for Common Requirements for Wrought Steel Piping Fittings A0961_A0961M-04A Specification for Common Requirements for Steel Flanges, Forged Fittings, Valves, and Parts for Piping Applications A0962_A0962M-04 Specification for Common Requirements for Steel Fasteners or Fastener Materials, or Both, Intended for Use at Any Temperature from Cryogenic to the Creep Range A0972_A0972M-00R04 Specification for Fusion Bonded Epoxy-Coated Pipe Piles A0984_A0984M-03 Specification for Steel Line Pipe, Black, Plain-End, Electric-Resistance-Welded A0988_A0988M-98R02E01 Specification for Hot Isostatically-Pressed Stainless Steel Flanges, Fittings, Valves, and Parts for High Temperature Service A0989_A0989M-98R02E01 Specification for Hot Isostatically-Pressed Alloy Steel Flanges, Fittings, Valves, and Parts for High Temperature Service A0994-03 Guide for Editorial Procedures and Form of Product Specifications for Steel, Stainless Steel, and Related Alloys A0999_A0999M-04A Specification for General Requirements for Alloy and Stainless Steel Pipe A1005_A1005M-00R04 Specification for Steel Line Pipe, Black, Plain End, Longitudinal and Helical Seam, Double Submerged-Arc Welded A1006_A1006M-00R04 Specification for Steel Line Pipe, Black, Plain End, Laser Beam Welded A1012-02 Specification for Seamless and Welded Ferritic, Austenitic and Duplex Alloy Steel Condenser and Heat Exchanger Tubes With Integral Fins A1014-03 Specification for Precipitation-Hardening Bolting Material (UNS N07718) for High Temperature Service A1015-01 Guide for Videoborescoping of Tubular Products for Sanitary Applications A1016_A1016M-04A Specification for General Requirements for Ferritic Alloy Steel, Austenitic Alloy Steel, and Stainless Steel Tubes A1020_A1020M-02 Specification for Steel Tubes, Carbon and Carbon Manganese, Fusion Welded, for Boiler, Superheater, Heat Exchanger and Condenser Applications A1024_A1024M-02 Specification for Steel Line Pipe, Black, Plain-End, Seamless E0527-83R03 Practice for Numbering Metals and Alloys (UNS.

fr. ASTM

 

Pin Point Gate Plastic Injection Molding

Used mainly for thin walled products with a frequency-lawyer-an injection of at least 3-4 times per minute, or a maximum cycle time 15-20 seconds a mold cavity with pin point gate. Material which is the injection into the cavity directly derived from the nozzle G, where the drop in temperature as well as barriers pengalirannya very small, so the size of the gate can be made small. Table 3.1 above can be used as guidance in determining the diameter of the gate d. -injection material in the cavity before reaching the runners will pass through the channel C first. The longer the runner channel, the temperature of the material tip of the flow would be decreased, so it will be difficult to pass through the narrow gate. Pouch runner dimasudkan D material to trap and hold the channel tip, so the material that will go through the gate, pretty good. Regarding the size of the gate, but is determined by the weight of products such as Table 3.1 above, is also affected by the condition and the condition of the bend cross-section and length of the runner. As a measure of onset, can be taken from table 3.1 size plus 20%. After ditrial if showing signs of too little gate as described in advance, gate be enlarged as necessary

Ribs and Gussets

When designing ribs and gussets, it is important to follow the proportional thickness guidelines shown in Figures 29 and 30. If the rib or gusset is too thick in relationship to the part wall, sinks, voids, warpage, weld lines (all resulting in high amounts of molded-in stress), longer cycle times can be expected. The location of ribs and gussets also can affect mold design for the part. Keep gate location in mind when designing ribs or gussets. For more information on gate location, see page 66. Ribs well-positioned in the line of flow, as well as gussets, can improve part filling by acting as internal runners. Poorly placed or ill-designed ribs and gussets can cause poor filling of the mold and can result in burn marks on the finished part. These problems generally occur in isolated ribs or gussets where entrapment of air becomes a venting problem. Note: It is further recommended that the rib thickness at the intersection of the nominal wall not exceed one-half of the nominal wall in HIGHLY COSMETIC areas. For example, in Figure 29, the dimension of the rib at the intersection of the nominal wall should not exceed one-half of the nominal wall. Experience shows that violation of this rule significantly increases the risk of rib read-through (localized gloss gradient difference). 

Product and Mold Design

SMAW Welding

Welding is the process of switching between two or more metals by using heat energy. Metal around the welds / connections, will experience a rapid thermal cycling which leads to complex changes, metallurgy, deformation and thermal stresses. It is very closely related to the strength, weld defects, and so forth which in general will have a fatal effect on the safety of welded construction. Welding process involves heating and cooling, in general, the microstructure of the metal depends on the speed of the cooling of the initial phase formation temperature up to room temperature. Because of this structural change on its own mechanical properties owned are also changing. Basically the weld area consists of three parts, namely the weld metal (weld metal), heat affected area is often referred to as the Heat Affected Zone (HAZ), and a metal stem that is not affected by heat. Weld metal region is part of the metal during welding melts and then freezes. Regional influence of heat or base metal HAZ is adjacent to the weld metal during welding thermal cycles of heating and rapid cooling. Unaffected parent metal heat is part of the basic metal welding where the heat and the temperature did not cause changes in the structure and properties. In addition there are three parts of other parts of the area which limits the area between the weld metal and HAZ are called the limit of welding. All events during cooling of the welding process is similar to cooling in the foundry difference is: 1. Cooling in the welding speed is higher 2. In the weld heat source moves straight 3. Thawing and freezing in the welding occurs continuously 4. freezing of weld metal from the metal wall of the parent which can be equated with the walls of the casting mold, only in the welding, the weld metal should be the one with the parent metal, while the foundry should be otherwise.

Threads - Product Design Mold Design

Molded-in threads can be designed into parts made of engineering thermoplastic resins. Threads always should have radiused roots and should not have feather edges – to avoid stress concentrations. Figure 35 shows examples of good design for molded-in external and internal threads. For additional information on molded-in threads, see page 105. Threads also form undercuts and should be treated as such when the part is being removed from the mold i.e., by provision of unscrewing mechanisms, collapsible cores, etc. Every effort should be made to locate external threads on the parting line of the mold where economics and mold reliability are most favorable. 

Product Design Mold Design

Gears

Gear teeth are a repetitive feature similar to screw threads or splines. It is not necessary to show their full form. In non-sectional views, gears are represented by a solid outline without teeth and with the addition of the pitch diameter surface of a type G line. In a transverse section, the gear teeth are unsectioned whereas the body of the gear is. The limit of the section hatching is the base line of the teeth as shown in the drawing in Figure 3.17. In an axial section, it is normal to show two individual gear teeth unsectioned but at diametrically opposed positions in the plane of the section. All details of the gear type shape and form need to be given via a note. In a gear assembly drawing which shows at least two gears, the same principle as for individual teeth (above) is used but at the point of mesh, neither of the two gears is assumed to be hidden by the other in a side view. Both of the gears' outer diameters are shown as solid lines. The standard ISO 2203:1973 gives details of the conventions for gears. 

Engineering Drawing for Manufacture
by Brian Griffiths
Publisher: Elsevier Science & Technology Books
 

Tail stock or loose head stock

Tailstock is located at the inner ways at the right hand end of the bed. This has two main uses: 1) It supports the other end of the work when it is being machined between centers, and 2) It holds a tool for performing operations such as drilling, reaming, taping, e.t.c. To accommodate different length of work, the body of the tailstock can be adjusted along the ways chiefly by sliding it to the desired position where it can be clamped by bolts and plates. The upper casting of the body can be moved toward or away from the operator by means of the adjusting screws to offset the tail stock for taper turning and to realign the tailstock centered for straight turning. The body is bored to act as barrel which carries the tail stock spindle that moves in and out of the barrel by means of the screw when the tail stock handle is turned. The front of the spindle has taper hole into which the dead center or other tool fits. After the adjustment is made, the spindle is clamped in the position by tightening the locking bolt on spilt lug.

Container Design Extrusion Blow Molding

Performance Objective: Use design details that improve drop impact performance Radii: Long and Generous, especially around the base, to allow flash pinch terminations to be located up on container sidewall chime or within the base pushup Base Engravings: Shallow, with Smooth, Rounded Edges Base Shape and Pushup: Rounded and Shallow Footprint: Wide and Rounded with smooth transitions to base and sidewall Panels: wide sidewall panels with long radii Radii: long and generous everywhere, especially at the base to allow flash pinch terminations to be located up on container sidewall chime or within the base pushup Base Engravings: shallow with smooth rounded edges Base Shape and Pushup: Rounded and shallow Footprint: Wide and rounded with smooth transitions to base and sidewall Panels: Wide sidewall panels with long transition radii 

EASTMAN
Extrusion Blow Molding Presentation

Splines and serrations

Splines and serrations are repetitive features comparable to screw threads. Similarly, it is not necessary to give all the details of the splines or serrations, the symbology does it for you. The convention is that one line represents the crests of the serrations or splines and the other the roots. This is shown in the hypothetical drawing in Figure 3.17 where there is a spline at the right-hand end of the gear drive shaft. A note would give details of the spline. The standard ISO 6413" 1988 gives details of the conventions for splines.
Engineering Drawing for Manufacture
by Brian Griffiths
Publisher: Elsevier Science & Technology Books

Gate INJECTION MOLDING

Gate is a crack or hole is relatively very small, is the entrance of the plastic material is injected into the cavity in the cavity. After passing through the gate, the material will flow cavity fill to the brim. Material flow from the gate until the cavity is fully charged, will travel a certain distance depending on the position of gate placement. Distance is called the flow path. Gate placement. Placement of gate position becomes very important, so the above tiadak defects occur or at least reduced to a minimum. Below is shown the possibility of defects arising in connection with the placement of the gate. Placement on gbr.3.11a gate, causing the flow path length so that it requires high injection tekenan,. Besides, there is the possibility of trapped air c section corner, where the product will be perforated at the venue. For large-sized products will experience deformation, for example, oval, etc.. The placement of the gate like gbr.3.11b, is a solution that is relatively the most good, although the appearance of the product will be disturbed by the existence of small cuts ex-gate. Placement on gbr.3.12a gate, the direction of flow after passing through the gate will be split into two, where each end aliarn will meet at 0. on a great product, the temperature of the flow at both ends meet has been greatly decreased, whereby the material at the end of the flow close to freezing. In that case, the meeting (weling) from either end did not produce a strong bond, so that products in this section will be brittle or crack easily. This meeting is usually a line, and called the welding line. Fig 3.12b, an improvement of fig. 3.12a. Gbr.3.12c shows a modification to the product, namely a place opposite the gate, given the bag. End of the flow temperature is very down is inserted into the bag, so that the materials meet each other and are linked material flow behind the tip, which still has a better temperature. Gbr.3.12d is the best solution which will meet the end of the flow of material that is still quite fresh. Gate placement as gbr.3.13a, will result in what is called jetting. Spray stream grazed the wall cavity, where there will be a thin section of material that attach and freeze first. As a result of this jetting, the product will look scaly. At a lower injection rate, as a result of jetting can be a bumpy batikan visible on the walls of the product. Placement on gbr.3.13b gate, the product will be bent, can gbr.3.13c dipertimbangakan. From the few examples of the above in mind, that wherever the gate is placed, will always give defect, both in terms of its appearance which seems former gate, other aspects such as product pad crooked, etc.. Preformance this regard mold designer must understand about product requirements, whether in terms of appearance or the importance of prioritizing the functional aspect, ie the product is not crooked, not brittle, etc., are terms of appearance is sometimes overlooked origin bias is not too bad. The purpose of the pen-desig's mold, is that mold can print product made to specification in effectif and efficiently.

Technology-Push Products

In developing technology-push products, the firm begins with a new proprietary technology and looks for an appropriate market in which to apply this technology (that is, the technology "pushes" development). Gore-Tex, an expanded Teflon sheet manufactured by W L. Gore Associates, is a striking example of technology push. The company has developed dozens of products incorporating Gore-Tex, including artificial veins for vascular surgery, insulation for high-performance electric cables, fabric for outerwear, dental floss, and liners for bagpipe bags. Many successful technology-push products involve basic materials or basic process technologies. This may be because basic materials and processes are deployed in thousands of applications, and there is therefore a high likelihood that new and unusual characteristics of materials and processes can be matched with an appropriate application. The generic product development process can be used with minor modifications for technology-push products. The technology-push process begins with the planning phase, in which the given technology is matched with a market opportunity. Once this matching has occurred, the remainder of the generic development process can be followed. The team includes an assumption in the mission statement that the particular technology will be embodied in the product concepts considered by the team. Although many extremely successful products have arisen from technology-push development, this approach can be perilous. The product is unlikely to succeed unless (1) the assumed technology offers a clear competitive advantage in meeting customer needs, and (2) suitable alternative technologies are unavailable or very difficult for competitors to utilize. Project risk can possibly be minimized by simultaneously considering the merit of a broader set of concepts which do not necessarily incorporate the new technology. In this way the team verifies that the product concept embodying the new technology is superior to the alternatives. 
Development Processes and Organizations

References and Bibliography
Many current resources are available on the Internet via
www.ulrich-eppinger.net
Stage-gate product development processes have been dominant in manufacturing firms
for the past 30 years. Cooper describes the modem stage-gate process and many of its
enabling practices.
Cooper, Robert G., Winning at New Products: Accelerating the Process from Idea to
Launch, third edition, Perseus Books, Cambridge, MA, 2001.
 

Screw threads

Screw threads are complex helical forms and their detailed characteristics in terms of such things as angles, root diameter, pitch circle diameter and radii are closely defined by ISO standards. Thus, if the designation 'M8' appears on a drawing it would appear at first sight to be very loosely defined but this is far from the case. Screw threads are closely defined in the standard ISO 6410, parts 1, 2 and 3:1993. The 'M8' designation automatically refers to the ISO 68-1:1998, ISO 6410-1, 2 and 3:1993 standards in which things like the thread helix angle, the vee angles and the critical diameters are fully defined. Thus, as far as screw threads are concerned, there is no need to do a full drawing of a screw thread to show that it is a screw thread. This takes time and costs money. The convention for drawing an engineering thread is shown using a combination of ISO type A and B lines as shown in the drawings in Figures 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3. A screw thread is represented by two sets of lines, one referring to the crest of the thread (type A line) and the other referring to the roots of the thread (type B line). These can be seen for a bolt and a hole in Figures 3.5 and 3.6. This representation can be used irrespective of the exact screw thread. For example, on the vice assembly drawing in Figure 3.1, the screw thread on the bush screw (part number 5) and the jaw clamp screw (part number 6) are very different. In the real vice, the former is a standard vee-type thread whereas the latter is a square thread. Line thicknesses become complicated when a male-threaded bolt is assembled in a female-threaded hole. The thread crest lines of the bolt become the root lines of the hole and vice versa. This means that in an assembly, lines change from being thick to thin and vice versa. This is shown in the vice assembly drawing in Figure 3.1, with respect to the bush screw (part number 5)/jaw clamp screw (part number 6) assembly.

Engineering Drawing for Manufacture
by Brian Griffiths
Publisher: Elsevier Science & Technology Books
 

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND BLOW MOLDING

Blow Molding (BM) process makes it possible to manufacture molded products economically, in unlimited quantities, with virtually no finishing required. The basic process of blow molding involves a softened thermoplastic hollow form which is inflated against the cooled surface of a closed mold. The expanded plastic form solidifies into a hollow product. Blow molded components are now seen all over the markets and industries for traditional materials, particularly in liquid packaging applications. The last few decades saw the introduction of polyethylene (PE) squeeze bottles for washing liquids, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) for cooking oil and fruits squash bottles, and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) for carbonated beverage bottles. Nowadays, it is also used for the production of toys, automobile parts, accessories and many engineering components. Blow Molding Process is intended also for manufacturing of most automotive parts and accessories. Below are some of the car plastics parts that are being produced by blow molding process. The use of plastics parts make our car more light weight and helps our car run faster. Extrusion Blow Molding Machine Parts and Functions • Extruder Motor—Drives the screw in the barrel to rotate and push the melted material into the die head. • Gearbox—Reduces the speed of the extruder motor into a required speed enough to push the material into the die head. • Hopper—A feed reservoir into which the material is loaded. • Extruder—A part of the machine that accepts solid resin material, conveys it in a surrounding barrel by means of a rotating screw, melts the material by means of heaters, and pumps it under pressure into the die head. • Cooling Fans—Cools down the barrel during machine shut down to prevent the material from degradation. • Heating Bands—Device attached on the barrel and the die head used to melt the solid material at a required set temperature. • Die Head—Used to form the melted resin into a parison and also used for adjusting the characteristics of molten resin to create a stable parison. • Die & Pin—Used to align the flow of parison to get a good and centered parison. • Hot Cutter—Cuts the parison after the mold is closed for the blowing process. • Blow Pin—Used to blow compressed air into the parison to inflate it after the mold has been closed and form the desired design of the mold. • Mold—A hollow form or a cavity into which a molten plastic material, called parison, is introduced to give the shape of the required component. • Deflasher—Used to cut the excess material on the bottle which is called a flash material (top and bottom). • Post Cooling—A part of the machine that is used to cool down the inside of the bottle, to lessen the cooling time required inside the mold. • Article Discharge—A part of the machine used to take the bottle out.

Higher Institute for Plastics Fabrication
WORKBOOK for Extrusion Blow Molding
Practical Course
Prepared by
Extrusion Blow Molding Department