Stretching INJECTION BLOW

These machines are usually used for the manufacture of PET bottles DNG material, where the process of formation of products through the 3 stages of injection, stretching and blowing but DNG certain type of screw can be used also for other materials such as Polypropilene (PP) dng a particular grade.




PET bottle-making process itself usually there are 2 ways
1.SINGLE (ONE) STAGE
-All the process of making preform until it becomes the bottle in one machine
2.DOUBLE (TWO) STAGE
-The process of making DNG preform injection machine and then a new engine in DNG stretching BLOW Blow Molding (separate)

COMPONENTS AND FUNCTIONS OF MOLD ISB
1.INJECTION cavity preform
-To make the outside of the preform shape
2.CORE ROD
-To make the inside of the preform
3.LIP cavity
-To make the mouth of the bottle preform
4.NECK RING
-For the manufacture of the preform neck
5.BLOW SHELL
-To create the desired product form

6.HEATING POT (POT CONDITIONING)
-For conditioning the preform temperature before curl
7.STRECHING ROD
-To encourage the concurrent preform blow dng in the process of formation of the desired product.
8.STRIPPER PLATE
-To drop a product that has been established
PART 9.BOTTOM
-To form the bottom part of the bottle




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  • Epicyclic Gear Trains

    When at least one of the gear axes rotates relative to the frame in addition to the gear's own rotation about its own axes, the train is called a planetary gear train or epicyclic gear train. The term ``epicyclic'' comes from the fact that points on gears with moving axes of rotation describe epicyclic paths. When a generating circle (planet gear) rolls on the outside of another circle, called a directing circle (sun gear), each point on the generating circle describes an epicycloid, as shown in Fig. 2.7.
    Generally, the more planet gears there are, the greater is the torque capacity of the system. For better load balancing, new designs have two sun gears and up to 12 planetary assemblies in one casing.
    In the case of simple and compound gears, it is not difficult to visualize the motion of the gears, and the determination of the speed ratio is relatively easy. In the case of epicyclic gear trains, it is often diffuclt to visualize the motion of the gears. A systematic procedure using the contour method is presented in what follows. The contour method is applied to determine the distribution of velocities for an epicyclic gear train.


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  • Mechanical Engineer's Handbook
    Edited by
    Dan B. Marghitu
    Department of Mechanical Engineering, Auburn University,
    Auburn, Alabama

    Academic Press Series in Engineering
    Series Editor
    J. David Irwin
    Auburn University


    Variations and Extension to the Injection-Molding Process

    Injection Blow Molding. 
    A preform (this looks like a test tube with bottle cap threads) is injection molded in one cavity, removed and then placed into another where it is pressurized with gas to stretch the hot preform into a thinnerwalled
    seamless bottle or container such as a milk bottle or gas tank. This is depicted in Figure 7. This is an extension of injection molding more than a variation.

    Injection Compression/Coining. 
    With this technique the mold is only partially closed during injection. At the appropriate time and with the right amount of plastic in the mold, the clamp is then completely closed, forcing (compressing) the plastic to the shape of the mold cavity. A variation on this is coining.
    The clamp is closed but the mold has components that compress the plastic in the cavity as the plastic cools. Coining is where the cavity volume is changing during the solidification of the plastic. Plastic is injected into the cavity and then the movable platen closes completely, or a mold component moves to compress the
    plastic to compensate for shrinkage or densification.



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  • “Injection Molding” in EPSE 2nd ed., Vol. 8, pp. 102–138, by I. I. Rubin, Robinson Plastic Corp.
    JOHN W. BOZZELLI
    Midland, Michigan

    Members of Design Teams

    The number and type of individuals that comprise a design team is largely determined by the size of the design project. Even though an individual is assigned to a team, all members may not be involved at all times. In a concurrent engineering environment the team members work together to meet the common goal. Typical members of a design team might include:
    I. Product design engineer-responsible for the overall product design.
    2. Product manager-the person who has the ultimate responsibility for a design and its team.
    3. Mechanical engineer-responsible for mechanical and electromechanical product development.
    4. Electrical engineer-responsible for electronic components of the design.
    5. Manufacturing engineer-responsible for the manufacturing processes used to create the product.
    6. Software engineer-responsible for any computer software code needed for a product.
    7. Detailer/drafter-assists the engineers with the 3-D modeling and documentation of the product.
    8. Materials engineer-responsible for the selection of the material hest suited for a product.
    9. Quality control engineer-responsible for meeting the quality guidelines for the product and its
    manufacture.
    10. Industrial designer-responsible for the product's appearance, form. and human factors analysis.
    II. Vendor representatives-responsible for any outsourcing required by the company making the design.





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  • The Engineering Design Process
    Bertoline-Wiebe-Miller: Fundamentals of Graphics Communication,
    The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2001

    Mechanical properties

    Strength
    The nominal yield strength shall be in the range of 235 N/mm2 to 690 N/mm2. The nominal tensile strength shall be in the range of 300 N/mm2 to 1000 N/mm2.

    Ductility
    The elongation after fracture on proportional gauge length shall be at least 15 %, for nominal yield strength not greater than 460 N/mm2; and shall be at least 10 % for nominal yield strength greater than 460 N/mm2.
    The tensile strength to yield strength ratio shall be at least 1.2 based on nominal values, or at least 1.1 based on actual values, for nominal yield strength not greater than 460 N/mm2.
    NOTE Conversion of elongation values measured not based on proportional gauge length is necessary and shall be performed according to BS EN ISO 2566-1.

    Impact toughness
    As a minimum, the product shall be able to absorb at least 27 J of impact energy at 20 °C.
    NOTE Depending on other factors including the thickness and minimum service temperature, the impact toughness should also conform to the appropriate requirements as given in BS 5950-1.

    Through thickness deformation properties
    Where appropriate, through thickness deformation properties shall be specified to guarantee adequate
    deformation capacity perpendicular to the surface to provide ductility and toughness against lamellar tearing.
    NOTE Specification of through thickness deformation properties can be referred to BS EN 10164.




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  • Design Guide on Use of
    Alternative
    Steel
    Materials
    to BS 5950
    a touche design production @ 6743 5450
    BCA Sustainable Construction
    Series – 3
    200 Braddell Road Singapore 579700

    Cold runner

    Expenditures runner of the mold.
    Way of the runner of the mold usually closely related to the type of gate is used. From this emerged a two plate mold design and three-plate mold. Gate Mold type: strip gate, tunnel gate and gate flash,
    if there is no requirement or a specific form of the product, mold will be designed with two plates.

    At the time of mold starts to open, regardless of the sprue runner R for pin carried by runners who have undercut at the edges.Meanwhile, the gate tunnel cavity disconnected from the product because it was interrupted by the lip of the pit gate. At the opening of the next runner mold and product driven by the stripper plate, the runner forcibly detached from the undercut at the end of the  runner-pin, then fell with the product. Here can be seen, that the mold with a tunnel gate will produce a product that has been separated from the runner. Being a product with a strip gate still hung with runnernya, to require additional work to cut the tow runner from the product.



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  • Design tasks

    The design tasks of this particular project were a bit unusual. The contracting utility had already built the reactor and the buildings to house the control room. The control room designers, therefore, had to design a control room for an already existing plant, with consideration of the sensors and actuators that were present. Functional
    information, however, was largely lacking. For example, it would be known from plant drawings that a certain feedwater stream had x number of valves of which some
    were manually controllable. Functionally, however, it would not be known what purpose that feedwater stream served. In many cases, engineers had to infer design purposes from the drawings. For the most part, the plant was `wired already, meaning that sensors and their signals already existed. In particular, the level of automation of plant systems was pre-determined. In addition, the control room itself had to "t within the existing space allotted for the control room, with walls, doors, and basic wiring in fixed locations.



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  • A participant-observer study of ergonomics in engineering design:
    how constraints drive design process
    Catherine M. Burns*,1, Kim J. Vicente
    Cognitive Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada
    www.elsevier.com

    Feed gearbox Lathe

    The feed gearbox or quick-change gearbox is fitted directly below the head stock assembly. Power from the lathe spindle is transmitted through gears to the quick-change gearbox. This gear box contains a number of different sizes of gear which provides a means to change the rate of the feed, and the ratio between the revolutions of the head stock spindle and the movement of the carriage for thread cutting by altering the speed of motion of feed rod or lead screw.
    The arrangement which are employed in feed gear boxes to obtain multiple speeds and different rates of feed are:
    1.Sliding gear mechanism
    2.Sliding clutch mechanism
    3.Gear cone and tumbler gear mechanism
    4.Sliding key mechanism
    5.Combination of any two or more of the above

    Feed rod
    The feed rod is a long shaft that has the key way extending from the feed box across and in front of the bed. The power is transmitted from the lathe spindle to the apron gears through a feed rod via large number of gears. The feed rod is used to move the carriage or cross-slide for turning, boring, facing and all other operations except thread cutting.

    Lead screw
    The lead screw is a long threaded shaft used as a master screw, and is brought into operation only when threads have to be cut. In all other times the lead screw is disengaged from the gear box and remains stationary, but this ma be used to provide motion for turning, boring, etc. in lathes that are not equipped with a feed rod.

    Apron Mechanism
    The apron mechanism is used for transforming rotary motion of the feed rod and the lead screw into feed motion of the carriage. The mechanism also ensures that when the half nut is engaged with the lead screw the worm drops down disconnecting the feed motion. This arrangement is called foolproof arrangement and saves the machine from any damage.


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  • fr. NTTF ( NETTUR TECHNICAL TRAINING FOUNDATION)

    RIVETS

    A rivet is a fastener that has a head and a shank and is made of a deformable material.
    It is used to join several parts by placing the shank into holes through the several parts and creating another head by upsetting or deforming the projecting shank.
    During World War II, Rosie the Riveter was a popular cartoon character in the United States. No better image can illustrate the advantages of riveted joints.These are
    1. Low cost
    2. Fast automatic or repetitive assembly
    3. Permanent joints
    4. Usable for joints of unlike materials such as metals and plastics
    5. Wide range of rivet shapes and materials
    6. Large selection of riveting methods, tools, and machines
    Riveted joints, however, are not as strong under tension loading as are bolted joints (see Chap. 22), and the joints may loosen under the action of vibratory tensile or shear forces acting on the members of the joint. Unlike with welded joints, special sealing methods must be used when riveted joints are to resist the leakage of gas or fluids.


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  • Joseph E. Shigley
    Professor Emeritus
    The University of Michigan
    Ann Arbor,Michigan
    Source: STANDARD HANDBOOK OF MACHINE DESIGN
    Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com)
    Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved.
    Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website.

    Tunnel gate and Runner

    Tunnel gate is usually conical beheaded, overhanging one side sloping cavity or product. Gate hole diameter d must Consider the weight of the product, the condition of cross-section with long-bends and runners. As a measure taken beginning 0.8 mm to around 10 grams of product weight. After the trial if showed signs are too small gate, gate be enlarged as needed.

    Runner is a conduit between the nozzle on the end of the barrel with a cavity in the mold. Melting plastic in the room at the end of the barrel which is the injection, flow through the hole nozzle, sprue holes, conduit or runner, gate and finally enter into the cavity, because it will be a product. Moderate plastic that fills the channels along the runner and sprue, is a waste that must be removed from the mold along with the current product expenditures.
    Because it is a waste, then the mold with a cavity much, cavity layout and conditions runner distribution must be considered, in order to get the runner channels as short as possible. With a short runner channel, cross-sectional runner can be made smaller, so the weight of materials that become waste (know by heart) would be small, given the weight - the channel cross section x length x channel density.
    Condition of cross section and channel length of the sprue runner each cavity are cultivated together, so that received an injection pressure of each cavity so that the filling of each same acvity balanced.



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  • Traditional Engineering Design

    Traditional engineering design is a linear approach divided into a number of steps. For example. a six-step process might be divided into problem identification, preliminary ideas. refinement. analysis. documentation.
    and implementation. (Sec Figure 1.12.) The design process moves through each step in a sequential manner; however. if problems arc encountered. the process may return to a previous step. This repetitive action is called iteration or looping. Many industries use the traditional
    engineering design process: however. a new process is developing that combines some features of the traditional process with a team approach that involves all segment.~ of a business.




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  • The Engineering Design Process

    Bertoline-Wiebe-Miller: Fundamentals of Graphics Communication,
    The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2001

    Bosses injection molding

    Bosses are used in parts that will be assembled with inserts, self-tapping screws,
    drive pins, expansion inserts, cut threads, and plug or force-fits. Avoid stand-alone
    bosses whenever possible. Instead, connect the boss to a wall or rib, with a connecting rib as shown in Figure 31. If the boss is so far away from a wall that a connecting rib is impractical, design the boss with gussets as shown in Figure 32.
    Figures 33 and 34 give the recommended dimensional proportions for designing bosses at or away from a wall. Note that these bosses are cored all the way to the bottom of the boss.







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  • GLOSSARY OF SPRING TERMINOLOGY

    active coils: those coils which are free to deflect under load.
    baking: heating of electroplated springs to relieve hydrogen embrittlement.
    buckling: bowing or lateral displacement of a compression spring; this effect is related to slenderness ratio L/D.
    closed and ground ends: same as closed ends, except that the first and last coils are ground to provide a flat bearing surface.
    closed ends: compression spring ends with coil pitch angle reduced so that they are square with the spring axis and touch the adjacent coils.
    close-wound: wound so that adjacent coils are touching.
    deflection: motion imparted to a spring by application or removal of an external load.
    elastic limit: maximum stress to which a material may be subjected without permanent
    set.
    endurance limit: maximum stress, at a given stress ratio, at which material will operate in a given environment for a stated number of cycles without failure.
    free angle: angular relationship between arms of a helical torsion spring which is not under load.
    free length: overall length of a spring which is not under load.
    gradient: see rate.
    heat setting: a process to prerelax a spring in order to improve stress-relaxation resistance in service.
    helical springs: springs made of bar stock or wire coiled into a helical form; this category includes compression, extension, and torsion springs.
    hooks: open loops or ends of extension springs.
    hysteresis: mechanical energy loss occurring during loading and unloading of a spring within the elastic range. It is illustrated by the area between load-deflection curves.
    initial tension: a force that tends to keep coils of a close-wound extension spring closed and which must be overcome before the coils start to open.
    loops: formed ends with minimal gaps at the ends of extension springs.
    mean diameter: in a helical spring, the outside diameter minus one wire diameter.
    modulus in shear or torsion (modulus of rigidity G): coefficient of stiffness used for compression and extension springs.
    modulus in tension or bending (Young’s modulus E): coefficient of stiffness used for torsion or flat springs.
    moment: a product of the distance from the spring axis to the point of load application and the force component normal to the distance line.
    natural frequency: lowest inherent rate of free vibration of a spring vibrating between its own ends.
    pitch: distance from center to center of wire in adjacent coils in an open-wound spring.
    plain ends: end coils of a helical spring having a constant pitch and with the ends not squared.
    plain ends, ground: same as plain ends, except that wire ends are ground square with the axis.
    rate: spring gradient, or change in load per unit of deflection.
    residual stress: stress mechanically induced by such means as set removal, shot
    peening, cold working, or forming; it may be beneficial or not, depending on the spring application.
    set: permanent change of length, height, or position after a spring is stressed beyond material’s elastic limit.
    set point: stress at which some arbitrarily chosen amount of set (usually 2 percent)
    occurs; set percentage is the set divided by the deflection which produced it.
    set removal: an operation which causes a permanent loss of length or height because of spring deflection.
    solid height: length of a compression spring when deflected under load sufficient to bring all adjacent coils into contact.
    spiral springs: springs formed from flat strip or wire wound in the form of a spiral,
    loaded by torque about an axis normal to the plane of the spiral.
    spring index: ratio of mean diameter to wire diameter.
    squared and ground ends: see closed and ground ends.
    squared ends: see closed ends.
    squareness: angular deviation between the axis of a compression spring in a free
    state and a line normal to the end planes.
    stress range: difference in operating stresses at minimum and maximum loads.
    stress ratio: minimum stress divided by maximum stress.
    stress relief: a low-temperature heat treatment given springs to relieve residual
    stresses produced by prior cold forming.
    torque: see moment.
    total number of coils: the sum of the number of active and inactive coils in a spring
    body.





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  • Robert E. Joerres
    Applications Engineering Manager
    Associated Spring, Barnes Group, Inc.
    Bristol, Connecticut
    Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com)

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  • Feed mechanism

    The movement of the tool relative to the work is termed as “feed”. A lathe tool may have three types of feed-longitudinal, cross, and angular. When the tool moves parallel to the lathe axis, the movement is termed as longitudinal feed and is effected by the movement of carriage. When the tool moves at right angles to the lathe axis with the help of the cross slide the movement is termed as cross feed, while the movement of the tool by compound slide when it is swiveled at an angle to the lathe axis is termed as angular feed. Cross and longitudinal feed is both hand and power operated, but angular feed is only hand operated.

     The feed mechanism has different units through which motion is transmitted from the head stock spindle to the carriage. Following are the units:
    1.End of bed gearing
    2.Feed gearbox
    3.Feed rod and lead screw
    4.Apron mechanism

    End of bed bearing
    The gearing serves the purpose of transmitting the drive to the lead screw and feed shaft, either direct or through a gearbox. In modern lathes, tumbler gear mechanism or bevel gear feed reversing mechanism is incorporated to reverse the direction of feed.

    Tumbler gear mechanism
    Tumbler gear mechanism is used to give the desired direction of movement to the lathe carriage, via lead screw or the feed shaft. The tumbler gearing comprise of two pinions mounted on a bracket. The bracket is pivoted about the 1st stud shaft. The design provides three positions of bracket: forward, neutral, and reverse. With the forward position, only one gear train, and the lathe carriage is moved towards the headstock. With the introduced only to reverse the direction of rotation, and the carriage is neutral position, the spindle is disengaged from the lead screw is disengaged from the lead screw or feed shaft gearbox.

    Bevel gear feed reversing mechanism
    The tumbler gear mechanism being a non-rigid construction cannot be used in a modern heavy-duty lathe. The clutch-operated bevel gear feed reversing mechanism incorporated below the headstock or in apron provides sufficient rigidity in construction.


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  • fr. NTTF ( NETTUR TECHNICAL TRAINING FOUNDATION)

    Specific design example

    For a specific design example, we have extracted the design of the general size and shape of the standup panels for the control room. This design problem involved many designers, and several design changes occurred during the period over which we observed the project. For this reason, this example is rich enough to allow us to discuss the "ne details of design process. Fig. 1 shows the development of this design along a four-month timeline.
    Standup panels are the large panels typically located along the walls of a control room on which meters and controls and alarms are placed. When the "eld study began, an initial design of the panel pro"le already existed.
    For ergonomists, one of the main concerns is that controls and meters are readable and reachable. Therefore,
    this "rst design was based on anthropometric data provided in the standard IEC-964. Further work with this data set re"ned the design of the panel. The analysis was then documented.
    The data used from the international standard, however,  was drawn from an American population. Two
    months later, speci"c anthropometric data for the customer 's population were received from the customer.
    This population's dimensions were somewhat smaller than the IEC-964 data. Accommodating this new data set would have required redesigning the control panels to be shorter by about 1 in (2.54 cm). The changes were considered to be insigni"cant and were noted but not made.
    Two weeks later, it was discovered that the current panels would not "t through the hallways of the building,
    as designed. For shipping purposes, the panels had to be resegmented. The panels were redesigned so that they could be segmented and shipped through the hallways of the building.
    Near the end of August, a design document was issued to the customer illustrating the panel designs. The customer felt that the panels `looked too smalla and, upon learning that the panels were designed to meet anthropometric criteria, established a minimum height requirement for their operators, thereby cutting o! the lower end of the anthropometric data set. The panels were then redesigned to be taller.
    The "nal change observed during the "eld study occurred due to a manufacturing consideration. It was decided that the panels would be constructed from mosaic material a modular construction of small blocks covered with plastic that would give #exibility in layout as it would permit modi"cations to be made. The material, although it could be cut, came in "xed sizes, one of which was just slightly larger than the size of the board. To make the manufacture of the panels easier and cheaper, the board was extended once again (Fig. 1).
    As illustrated in the example, many practical changes happen during the course of a design. Although  ergonomists may strive for the optimal ergonomic design, there are constraints that prevent the locally optimal
    ergonomic design from being a globally optimal solution for the design problem.


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  • Catherine M. Burns*,1, Kim J. Vicente
    Cognitive Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada
    www.elsevier.com


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